Njengamazwe amaninzi aseMelika, iMexico yayiyinxalenye yekoloni yaseSpain eyayilawula le ndawo kangangeminyaka engama-300, ize nenye yezona nkqubo zibalaseleyo zolawulo. gwenxa yehlabathi, kodwa kungcono ukuqala kwasekuqaleni. Yayingu UHernán Cortés Uhlonitshwa ngokukhokela uhambo olwakhokelela ekunqotshweni kweMexico ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-16, kwaye uthathwa njengomnqobi wale ndawo inkulu. Yayilishumi leminyaka lesibini laloo nkulungwane, kwaye wayenamadoda angaphezu kwama-600 asuka eCuba eneenqanawa ezili-11, amahashe ali-16, kunye neembumbulu ezili-14.
Umfowunelwa wakho wokuqala eMelika KwakuseCozumel naseTabasco, izibuko elibalulekileyo leenqanawa, apho bahlala khona, boyisa amaMaya.Apho, uCortés wamisela ubuKristu njengonqulo, eyalela ukuba kutshatyalaliswe imifanekiso yonqulo eyayikuloo mmandla.
Uloyiso lwaqhubeka, injongo yalo yayikukuba sisixeko saseTenochtitlán, ubukhosi bama-Aztec obulawulwa nguMlawuli uMoctezuma II. Ngokolwazi uCortés awayenalo, lo mmandla wawunobutyebi obukhulu, ngoko akazange alibazise ukuzikisa iinqanawa ezaziseVeracruz ukuze athintele amadoda akhe ukuba angalingeki ukubuyela ngenxa yengozi eyayibonakala. ukujongelwa phantsi ngokwamanani ababemele. Le yimvelaphi yebinzana elaziwayo elithi "ukutshisa iinqanawa," elibhekisa kwisigqibo esingenakujikwa. Konke oku kungayinaki iinkolelo zonqulo nezenkcubeko ukuba kude kube lelo xesha yayilawula kakhulu kweli lizwe laseMesoamerica.
Ngenxa yoko, kwaqhambuka imvukelo yabantu bomthonyama, apho yabonwa khona wabulala umkhosi waseCortesowathi, kwimizamo yakhe yokulungisa imeko, wagqibela ebandakanyeka ekufeni komlawuli. Elo xesha lembali laziwa ngokuba "ngobusuku obubuhlungu kakhulu" (ngoJuni 30, 1520), xa uhambo loyiswa kabuhlungu ngexesha lokurhoxa kwalo. Le yindlela i- Ukoyisa iSpanish umhlaba wama-Aztec, izenzo ezabangela abanye bade bafikelela kulawulo olupheleleyo baze baguqule iMexico yaba yiSpain entsha.
Iminyaka engama-300 yoburhulumente baseSpain
Kwakumalunga neminyaka engama-300 apho Urhulumente waseSpain Wayelawula iNew Spain ngendlela athanda ngayo. Yayililinye nje ikoloni lobukumkani baseSpain; kwidolophu enkulu, la makoloni ayenzelwe ukubonelela nokuxhasa ipeninsula ngokwezoqoqosho, oko kukuthi, ukubonelela ngoko kwakunqongophele eSpain. Ke ngoko, i- ulawulo olugqithisileyo kurhwebo lwangaphandleukunciphisa imveliso yasekuhlaleni kunye nokuxhasa izilangazelelo zabarhwebi base-peninsula.
Ukongeza ekuxubeni iinkcubeko, amaSpanish afika nazo amakhoboka amnyamaBakwangenisa nezifo ezingaqhelekanga kwezi ndawo, nto leyo eyaba nefuthe elikhulu izinga lokufa kwabantu bomthonyamaKwiindawo ezininzi abemi bomthonyama bancipha kakhulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-90% kwezinye iindawo kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu yokuqala emva kokudibana), nto leyo eyaphazamisa kakhulu ulwakhiwo lwentlalo kunye nolwabantu.
Eli nani likwaphenjelelwe ngumsebenzi emigodini, ubukhoboka kunye nee-encomiendasOku kwabangela ukuba iSigqeba sithathe amanyathelo athile, njengokuthintelwa kancinci kancinci kweendlela ezixhaphaza kakhulu zeekhomishini zabasebenzi kunye nokudalwa kweendlela ezintsha zolawulo lwabasebenzi. Nangona kunjalo, ingqiqo yokuxhaphaza yahlala ikho.
Ukwahlukahlukana eMexico kwakusanda: kwakhiwa izindlu ezinkulu ezifana nezaseYurophu, iicawa ezinkulu, iindlela zokuhamba ngeenqwelo, kunye neegadi. Kodwa ukuze kufezwe "ukwakhiwa" kweNew Spain, Batshabalalisa iinqaba, iiphiramidi, kunye neetempile. Kwaye bafuna ukuphembelela ingcinga yefilosofi ngokwazisa ubuKristu njengonqulo olulawulayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuxhatshazwa kwamaCreole, amaMestizo kunye nabantu bomthonyama Oku kwabangela ukungoneliseki okwaqokelelanayo, kwakha iintshukumo ezathi kamva zavela ukuze zichase imigaqo-nkqubo eyayikho.
Ngeli xesha leenkulungwane kwasekwa i-complex inkqubo yodidiAmaSpanish asePeninsular, amaCreole, amaMestizo, abantu bomthonyama, abamnyama, amaMulatto, amaZambo, kunye nezinye iintlangano. Isikhundla kunye namalungelo entlalo axhomekeke kwimvelaphi kunye nombala wolusu. AmaSpanish namaCreole ayegxile kumhlaba, kwiiofisi zoluntu, kunye nobutyebi, ngelixa amaqela eentlanga ezixubileyo kunye nabantu bomthonyama babethwaliswa nzima ngaphandle kwethuba lokuhambela phambili.
Imvukelo
Beshukunyiswa zezi zinto zingasentla, kwabekwa iziseko iimvukelo zamaqela ahlukeneyoEkuqaleni, abathathi-nxaxheba abaphambili yayingabantu bomthonyama, ama-Afrika akhoboka, kunye nabantu bohlanga oluxubileyo. Iintshukumo eziphawulekayo zaziquka ezo zavela eNueva Galicia (1541), eTehuantepec (1660), eYucatán (1670), eChiapas (1712), naseTeotitlán (1797), phakathi kwezinye. Uvukelo ngalunye lwaluyimpendulo yokuxhatshazwa okuthile: imbeko egqithisileyo, ukuhluthwa komhlaba, okanye ukuphathwa kakubi ngabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni.
Kwisiqingatha sesibini sexesha lobukoloniyali, ndidiniwe yi imida yezopolitiko nezoqoqosho ebekwe yiKumkani, amaCreole nawo aqala ukubhikisha, ekuqaleni echasene nezigqibo ezifana ne ukuthintelwa kwe-encomienda yelifa okanye ukukhutshwa kwizikhundla ezilungileyo. Kwangowe-1565, kwabhalwa phantsi imibhikisho ebalulekileyo yamaCreole; kamva, ngo-1662, uvukelo oludibeneyo lwabantu bomthonyama kunye namaMestizos lwade lwakwazi ukulawula iMexico City usuku lonke kwaye ukutshisa iNdlu yoWiso-mthethonangona ekugqibeleni boyiswa kwaye iinkokeli zabo zabulawa ngabasemagunyeni baseSpain.
Nangona ezi mvukelo zingazange zifumane inkululeko, zatyhila ukungavisisani okukhulu kwezentlalo zaza zabeka imizekelo ukuchasana ngokuhlangeneyoKwangaxeshanye, amaqhinga okulwa amaCreole asezidolophini anda, amanye elawula ukuzimela kanti amanye exhasa ngokuphandle ukuzimela. Ingcamango yokudala iibhodi ezilawulayoNgokufanayo naleyo yavela eSpain xa ukumkani wayengekho, yaba yiprojekthi ephindaphindayo phakathi kwamagqwetha, abasebenzi basemkhosini kunye nabefundisi abazalelwe eMelika.
Izizathu ezizimeleyo zenkululeko
Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ukunganeliseki kwasasazeka phakathi kwamaCreole, abantu bomthonyama, amaMestizo, abantu abamnyama, kunye nabantu abaxube iintlanga. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwembali, bekukho izizathu zangaphakathi kunye nezizathu zangaphandle ezazibaluleke kakhulu ekufumaneni inkululeko yelizwe esilaziyo namhlanje njengeMexico.
Ngaphakathi, ezi zinto zilandelayo, phakathi kwezinye, zazinempembelelo:
- La ubuhlwempu obucwangcisiweyo babantu bomthonyama kunye namakhobokaababegcina iinkolelo zonqulo kunye nezithethe ezahlukileyo kwezo zazinyanzeliswa kwisiqithi kwaye benqwenela ukwahlukana noqeqesho lweSigodlo, nto leyo eyayikhokelele ekutshatyalalisweni kwenkcubeko yabo yookhokho kunye nokulahlekelwa yimihlaba yabo.
- La ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo Abemi bahlulwe ngokweendidi ezahlukeneyo kunye neendidi ezahlukeneyo. Nangona abanye babenelungelo kwaye benempahla eninzi, abanye babethotywa isidima kwaye bazinikele ekukhonzeni ngaphandle kokufumana naziphi na izibonelelo zokwenene.
- El ubuzwilakhe kunye nokuzikhukhumeza kwabemi baseYurophu abaninzi base-peninsula xa kuthelekiswa namaCreole, awayebaphatha ngendelelo efanayo nabantu bomthonyama namakhoboka. Aba bamva, nangona bezalelwe kuloo mmandla kwaye beziva benxulumene kakhulu nawo, babesazi ukuba baphantsi. Bekhuthazwa kukukhula uluvo lobuzweIintshukumo kunye namayelenqe aqala ukufuna ukuba kubekho inxaxheba enkulu kwezopolitiko.
Oku kwinqanaba ngokubanzi, kodwa kunokuchazwa ukuba abo babesebenza ezifama Abazange bafumane umvuzo wokweneneKunoko, bafumana ityala lobomi bonke ngeevenkile zeenkampani kunye neemali ezibolekiweyo, kwanasemva kokufa, njengoko ityala lalizuzwa yinzala yabo. Ubukhoboka baqhubeka bubanjwe kumjikelo wokuxhomekeka kwezoqoqosho okunzima ukuwuqhawula.
En ENew Spain kwakukho ii-zambo, ii-mulatto, abantu bomthonyama, kunye nee-mestizo.Bonke babephila phantsi kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo obukhoboka okanye ukunyanzelwa ukuba basebenze kwaye babethotywa isidima ngenxa yokuba bengazalelwanga eSpain okanye ngenxa yokungathathwa “njengabamhlophe bodwa.” Bonke ngaphandle kokukhetha babephawulwa yinkqubo apho babebonwa njengabasebenzi, kungekhona njengabemi abanamalungelo. ukungabikho kokuhambahamba koluntu kwaye ukuphathwa ngocalucalulo kwavuselela umnqweno wotshintsho.
Ezi zizathu zangaphakathi zandiswa ngamandla amakhulu oonobangela bangaphandle nto leyo eyandisa isidingo sokuphuma kwiRoyal Crown yaseSpain.
Iimpembelelo zangaphandle kunye neengcamango ezikhanyisiweyo
Okokuqala, ibali libhekisa kwinkululeko yamakoloni alishumi elinesithathu aseMelika, ummandla owabangela i-United States, eyayilawulwa yiGreat Britain. Le nkqubo, iqhutywa yimigaqo efana nale: ulawulo lwabantu kunye namalungelo oluntuYabonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuqhawula unxibelelwano namandla aseYurophu kuze kwenziwe i-republic.
Emva koko, i Uvukelo lwaseFrance Yawushukumisa umgaqo waseYurophu ngokuthandabuza ilungelo likaThixo lookumkani nokuvakalisa imigaqo yenkululeko, ukulingana, kunye nobudlelwane. Ezi ngcinga zafikelela eSpain kwaye, ngeencwadi, abahambi, kunye nabefundisi abakhanyiselweyo, zangena eNew Spain, apho zazifundwa khona kwiindawo zokuzilolonga, iindibano, kunye nemibutho yeengcali zesiCreole.
Enye impembelelo ephambili yangaphandle yayikumsebenzi we- iingcali zefilosofi ze-European EnlightenmentPhakathi kwabo kwakukho uRousseau, uVoltaire, kunye noMontesquieu. Iincwadi zabo zazithetha ngezihloko ezinje ngomthetho, ukwahlulwa kwamandla, ubuntu beentlanga, kunye ulawulo lwabantuEzi ngcinga zibonise indlela ilizwe elifanele lisebenze ngayo apho kukho imisebenzi namalungelo kubemi nakurhulumente.
Nangona iSigqeba saseSpain sazama ukurhoxisa uninzi lwale mibhalo, imisebenzi yasasazeka ngasese eNew Spain, inempembelelo ngaphezu kwayo yonke iingcali zaseCreole ezifundileyo, owaqala ukuthandabuza ngokunzulu ucwangco lwamakoloniyali. Ubuzwe beCreole Wasebenzisa ezi ngcamango, edibanisa ukuphakanyiswa komhlaba waseMelika kunye nokwaliwa kwamalungelo e-peninsula kunye nemiqathango eqinileyo yorhwebo.
Kwicala lezoqoqosho, Utshintsho lweBourbon Utshintsho olwenziwe bubukumkani baseSpain ukuze kuphuculwe ubukumkani lwandisa ukunganeliseki. Olu tshintsho lwalufuna ukwandisa ingeniso yeCrown ngerhafu ephezulu, ulawulo oluthe ngqo kulawulo lwabaphathi, kunye nokufuduswa kwamaCreole kwizikhundla ezibalulekileyo ukuze axhase amaPeninsula. Abathengisi abakhulu basePeninsula kunye nabavukuzi babethandwa kakhulu, ngelixa amacandelo amakhulu abantu baseMelika babeziva bengenamsebenzi.
Ingxaki yobukumkani baseSpain kunye nokuqala kovukelo
Kolu luhlu lude lweengxabano zangaphakathi kunye neengcinezelo zangaphandle zombono kongezwe into ebalulekileyo: ingxaki yobukumkani baseSpain okubangelwe kukungenelela kukaNapoleon kwiSithili saseIberia. Ukuhlasela kwamaFrentshi kunye nokubekwa kokumkani wasemzini kwavelisa Amandla ombane kunye nengxoxo eshushu malunga nokuba ngubani omele alawule xa engekho ukumkani osemthethweni.
Kwiikoloni zaseMelika, esi siganeko satolikwa njengethuba lokubuyisa ukuzimela kwezopolitikoAmacandelo alondolozayo anxulunyaniswa neendawo ezinkulu zomhlaba kwaye iCawa, kunye namaCreole akwizikhundla eziphantsi kunye namagosa omkhosi akwinqanaba eliphakathi, aqala ukucinga ngethuba lokuhlela amaqela awo alawulayo. Abanye bakhusela ukuthembeka kukumkani obanjwe, kodwa bagxininisa ukuba amandla kufuneka ahlale okwethutyana kubantu baseMelika.
Kule meko, kwavela amayelenqe afana nalawo aseQuerétaro, abandakanya amalungu abefundisi, abasebenzi bomkhosi, kunye nabantu baseCreole. Xa ezi zicwangciso zafunyanwa, iinkokeli zabo zagqiba kwelokuba ukuzisa phambili ukuqala komzabalazo oxhobileyoNgentsasa yokuqala yomhla we-16 kuSeptemba 1810, umfundisi uMiguel Hidalgo y Costilla wenza isikhumbuzo esidumileyo Grito of Dolores, ecela amarhamente akhe ukuba alwe norhulumente ombi aze alwele umbutho omtsha wezopolitiko.
Ukususela ngelo xesha ixesha elimalunga nokuqala iminyaka elishumi elinanye yeemfazwe neengxabano, apho kwavela khona amanqanaba ahlukeneyo entshukumo yabavukeli. Ekuqaleni, iimfuno zazahlukene: ezinye zazifuna ukubuya kwenkosi esemthethweni, ezinye zazifuna ukuzimela ngokupheleleyo, kwaye inxalenye yesiseko esidumileyo yayifuna utshintsho olukhulu kwezentlalo, olufana nolwe ukupheliswa kobukhoboka kunye nokwabiwa ngcono komhlaba.
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umzabalazo wahlelwa kwakhona phantsi kweenkokeli ezifana UJosé María Morelosowabiza amaphondo avukelayo kwingqungquthela eyanika le ntshukumo isakhelo sayo sezomthetho kwaye yacebisa ngokucacileyo ukuzimela kunye nokulingana ngokomthetho. Emva kokoyiswa okukhulu kunye nesigaba semfazwe yamagorha ekhokelwa ngabantu abanjengoVicente Guerrero, imeko yatshintsha xa amacandelo athile ecala langaphambili lobukhosi, exhalabele imigaqo-nkqubo yenkululeko eyayibekwa eSpain, agqiba ekubeni ajoyine umba waseMelika.
Ukusekwa kwe Umkhosi weTrigaranteIcebo lase-Iguala, elalidibanisa abavukeli kunye nabalawuli basebukhosini bangaphambili, lavumela ukuhlukana ngokupheleleyo neSigqeba kunye nokuhlanganiswa korhulumente omtsha. Ukuzimela kwafezekiswa ngoSeptemba 27, 1821, ngokungena koMkhosi weeGuarantee ezintathu eMexico City, kwaye ngoSeptemba 2, 1821, ukuphela komzabalazo womkhosi wokuzimela kweMexico kwabhengezwa ngokusesikweni, kunika indlela yenkqubo enzima yokwakha amaziko ayo eyayiza kuqhubeka amashumi eminyaka.
Ngoko ke, ukuzimela kweMexico kwakungengenxa yesiganeko esinye kuphela, kodwa yimiphumo inkqubo ende yokuchasana, izimvo kunye notshintsho Kwaqala ngokoyisa, kwakhuthazwa ziinkulungwane zokungalingani nokuxhaphazwa, kwafumana amandla ngeengcinga ezikhanyiselweyo kunye neenguqu zeAtlantiki, kwaza kwabonakala xa amaqela ahlukeneyo ezentlalo avumelana ngesidingo sokuqhawula unxibelelwano lobukoloniyali ukuze kucingelwe iprojekthi yesizwe esitsha.