Kunzima ukuyiqonda indlela abantu abantsonkothile ngayo; umahluko phakathi iindlela zokufunda esikufumanayo kuyo yonke indaleko, kuseyimfihlakalo kwinkcazo yobukho kunye nokuziphatha kwayo.
Nangona kunjalo, oku akuthethi ukuba iinkqubo zokufunda Zisenokungabi naxabiso, nto leyo ethetha ukuba nangona kusekuninzi ekufuneka kufundwe ngendalo yonke engaphakathi yomntu ngamnye, kunokwenzeka ukufunda iindlela ezithile zokuziphatha kunye neendlela zokuzivelela ezibangelwa ngabantu. Ngeli xesha, besifuna ukwabelana nani nge izinto zolwazi, iimpawu zayo kunye nemisebenzi yayo ephambili kulwimi olusisiseko, isayikholoji kunye nefilosofi.
Yintoni ulwazi?
Ukuze uhlolisise nzulu izinto zayo, kubalulekile ukwazi izinto ezininzi iingcamango eziquka igama elithi ulwaziAkukhona nje "ukwazi izinto," kodwa yinto ebanzi kakhulu engqondweni, kwinkcubeko nakwimvakalelo.
Kwabo bacinga kakuhle abafana UPlatoUlwazi lwalungaphezulu kakhulu kunefilosofi; eli gama linokubandakanya ithiyori yayo yonke into, kwaye zombini izinto eziphathekayo nezingabonakaliyo ziyinxalenye yokufumana ulwazi. Ngokwembono yakhe, abantu banokufikelela kwiinyani ezifanelekileyo ezidlula oko kutyhilwa ziimvakalelo.
Ku RAEIgama elithi "ulwazi" linokuba neentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo, njengesenzo okanye isiphumo sokwazi, ingcamango yokwazi, imeko yokuziqonda apho umntu ehlala ephaphile, okanye naluphi na olunye uphawu oluhambelana noxanduva lomntu ngesazela sakhe kunye nobuntu bakhe. Kuzo zonke iimeko, kuvela ingcamango efanayo: kukho umntu odibana nento anokuyiqonda.
Kodwa yintoni kanye kanye ulwazi? Nangona eli gama lineentsingiselo ezininzi, lisagcina uphawu oluthile. ayinakuchazwa kwaye ixhomekeke kwisimo sayokuba ligama elimiselwe ngokweengcamango ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswa ngumntu ngamnye, inkcubeko yakhe, imfundo yakhe kunye neenkolelo zakhe.
Kwinqanaba lefilosofi, ithiyori yolwazi (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-epistemology okanye i-gnoseology kuxhomekeke kwindlela esebenza ngayo) iyichaza njengesiphumo senkqubo umntu ayisebenzisayo uyaqonda inyani kwaye imele loo nto engqondweni yabo. Yinto ebandakanya amava, ingqiqo, iimvakalelo, ulwimi, kunye nenkcubeko.
Ngokubanzi, ulwazi lumele ulwalamano phakathi komntu onolwazi (okwaziyo ukuqonda) kunye into eyaziwayo (ekwaziwayo). Olu lwalamano alukhethi cala: lunokuba nzulu okanye lungakhethi cala, lube nengqiqo okanye lusekelwe kumava, lube nzulu okanye lube phezulu.
Ngokutsho kwe indlela ephambili abanjwa ngayoUlwazi luhlala luhlulwahlulwa lube ngamaqela amabini aphambili:
- Ulwazi olusekelwe kwingqiqo okanye kwimvakaleloIfunyanwa ngamava angqalileyo kunye neemvakalelo. Ibandakanya ukuchukumisa, ukubona, ukuva, ukuvumba, okanye ukungcamla into ethile, kwaye oku kuvelisa umfanekiso wangaphakathi. Luhlobo lolwazi oluzenzekelayo nolwemihla ngemihla, nangona lukwasisiseko kwisayensi.
- Ulwazi olunengqiqo: ifumaneka ngokusebenzisa isizathu kunye neenkqubo zengqondo (njengokuncitshiswa, ukungeniswa, ukucamngca, okanye ukuqikelelwa). Kusivumela ukuba sidlule koko kuboniswe zizimvo, ukuze sakhe iingcamango, imithetho, kunye neengcaciso ngokubanzi.
Ngoko ke ulwazi lunokuxhomekeka uhlobo lwento eza kwaziwa ze iindlela ezisetyenziswayo ukuyichaza. Ngoko ke, ulwazi ludla ngokuhlelwa njengengqiqo okanye ingqiqo: ulwazi oluqondakalayo lunikwa abantu kuphela, abakwaziyo ukuqonda ngengqiqo, ngelixa ulwazi oluqondakalayo lukwizilwanyana nakubantu kuba luhambelana nempendulo umntu anayo kwisikhuthazo esithile; luyinto yakudala kakhulu.
Ngokwembono ebanzi, kunokwenziwa umahluko ongomnye iintlobo zolwazi eziphucula lo mbono:
- Ulwazi lwezesayensiIvela ekusetyenzisweni kwendlela yesayensi (ukujonga, ukwenziwa kwengcinga, uvavanyo, kunye nokuqinisekisa) ukuchaza iziganeko ngendlela ukungakhethi cala kwaye kucwangcisiwe.
- Ulwazi lobugcisa okanye olusebenzayo: egxile kwisenzo, ivumela ukwenza imisebenzi ethile (umzekelo, ukuqhuba, ukupheka, ukucwangcisa, ukulungisa isixhobo sombane).
- Ulwazi lwethiyori: igxininisa qonda kwaye uchaze Iinkalo zokwenyani ziqondwa ngeengcinga, iithiyori, kunye nokutolikwa, ngaphandle kokuzisebenzisa ngoko nangoko kwisenzo esibonakalayo. Oku kuquka inxalenye enkulu yolwazi lwesayensi kunye nefilosofi, kunye nezinye iinkolelo zonqulo.
Nokuba lulwazi olusekelwe kwingqiqo, olusekelwe kwingqiqo, olusekelwe kwisayensi, olusekelwe kwiteknoloji okanye olusekelwe kwithiyori, kuzo zonke iimeko iinkqubo ezifanayo ziyasetyenziswa. izinto ezisisiseko zolwazi esiza kuyibona ngezantsi: umxholo, into, ukusebenza kwengqondo kunye nokucinga okanye ukubonakaliswa kwengqondo.
Izinto eziphambili
Ukuze siqonde ngcono ulwazi kwinqanaba lezengqondo nelefilosofi, singajongana nalo izinto ezine zolwazi Ezi zinto zine zihlala zikhona nakwesiphi na isenzo sokwazi: umxholo, into, ukusebenza kwengqondo, kunye nengcinga (okanye ukubonakaliswa kwengqondo). Zivumela ulwazi ukuba luhlale lukho kwaye luqhubeke ixesha elide.
Sujeto
Nguye umntu onolwaziUkuze kuxoxwe ngeli gama, kubalulekile ukuqonda umxholo onayo, lowo unako ukuyiphuhlisa nokuyiva kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphandle kwesihloko, akukho mntu unokubona, ayicubungule, okanye ayigcine ulwazi.
Isihloko sinokuba negalelo elikhulu kwi ulwazi kubantu ngesiqinisekiso sokunciphisa iingxaki zentlalo, ukuphucula iimeko zokuphila, nokuguqula okusingqongileyo. Izazinzulu, ootitshala, iingcali zobugcisa, kunye nabani na owabelana ngolwazi lwakhe baba yimithombo yokufunda kwabanye.
Uye wafowuna ukwazi isihloko Nguye nabani na onezakhono zokuqonda, njengamehlo nezinye izitho zeemvakalelo, onokukwazi ukubonelela ngolwazi olufunekayo ukuze kucutshungulwe kwaye kugqitywe. Ukongeza kwiimvakalelo, ingqondo, inkumbulo, ingqalelo, kunye nolwimi zisetyenziswa njengezixhobo zangaphakathi.
Kwimeko yophando lwesayensi, abantu abafumana ulwazi olutsha lwehlabathi Ngabaphandi ngokwabo, ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo nezifundo, abafumana iziphumo nezigqibo. Eklasini, abafundi baba zizifundo xa befumana kwaye bedibanisa umxholo omtsha. Nokuba kunjalo, uphawu olucacileyo lwesifundo kukuba Iguqulwa ngolwazi: itshintsha indlela ababona ngayo ihlabathi, iinkolelo zabo, okanye izakhono zabo.
Into
Injongo yile umntu, into, ingcamango okanye into eyaziwayo ngumntu ofundiswayo. Yonke into iboniswa kumntu othile njengento efanele ukwaziwa, ukufundwa, okanye ukuqondwa. Isenzo sokwazi sidibanisa umntu ofundiswayo nento leyo kulwalamano olufanayo.
Into ayinakubizwa ngokuba yinto ukuba ayikaziwa ngumntu oyenzayo; into yokwazi into inika umntu isihloko sokuba ngumuntu oyaziyo, kwaye imfuneko yokuba into yaziwe inika umntu isihloko sento. Ngexesha lesigaba sokucinga, umntu oyenzayo uyatshintsha esuka kwimeko yokuba ngumuntu oyaziyo, ngelixa umntu, kwiimeko ezininzi, ayitshintshanga kwimeko yayo, nangona itshintsha indlela emelwe ngayo engqondweni yomntu ochaphazelekayo.
Izinto zolwazi zinokuba eziphathekayo okanye ezingabonakaliyoIngaba yinto ebonakalayo, umntu, isilwanyana, ingcamango yezibalo, ingcamango yezopolitiko, iimvakalelo, okanye kwanesiqhelo sentlalo. Into ebalulekileyo kukuba inokufundwa kwaye imelwe ngengqondo.
Kulapho umahluko phakathi ulwazi olungenamkhethe kunye nolwazi olusekelwe kwimbono yomntuUlwazi luya kuba nombono ochanekileyo ngakumbi kokukhona umelo lwangaphakathi lomntu luthembeke ngakumbi kuhlobo lokwenyani lomntu. Luya kuba lolwengqondo ngakumbi kokukhona umelo lwengqondo luphambuka kwiimpawu zokwenyani zento, nokuba kungenxa yokungakhethi cala, imida yokuqonda, okanye ukunqongophala kolwazi.
Ukusebenza kwengqondo
Umsebenzi wokuqonda ngulo isenzo sokwaziInkqubo yengqondo evumela umntu ukuba adibane nento aze avelise umfanekiso wangaphakathi wayo. Yinkqubo yangaphakathi engenakubonwa ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa ibalulekile ukuze ulwazi lube khona.
Oku kubhekisa kumzuzu apho umntu okanye umntu ochaphazelekayo egxininisa imifanekiso, izimvo okanye iimvakalelo ezivela kwingcinga malunga nento ethile. Kwindlela esebenza ngayo ingqondo yomntu ocingayo, amandla akhe okuva ukubamba izinto ezithile eziphucula uhlalutyo lwento leyo, kunye nengqalelo, ukutolikwa, kunye nokuhlanganiswa nolwazi lwangaphambili, zibalulekile.
Ukusebenza kwengqondo kwahlukile kwingcinga kuba kudla ngokuthathwa njengento inkqubo ekhawulezileyoImbono: umzuzu apho siqonda okanye siqonda into ethile. Ingcinga, kwelinye icala, yiyo indawo eseleyo emva kolo tyando. Nangona olu tyando lufutshane, iziphumo zalo zinokuhlala ixesha elide engqondweni yomntu ochaphazelekayo.
Ngamanye amaxesha, imisebenzi yokuqonda ichazwa njengolwazi ngokubanzi; nangona kunjalo, kwinqanaba lengqondo, eli gama liquka amagama amane anxulumeneyo okanye axhomekeke kuwo anceda ekwakheni. Ke ngoko, ungaqala ukuchaza ulwazi njengayo nayiphi na into equka ezi zinto zine. Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, le misebenzi iyabonakala xa sifunda, simamela umntu ethetha, sijonga umfanekiso ngononophelo, okanye sihlalutya ingxaki.
Ukucinga
Ingcinga ingaqondwa njenge isisusa seenkumbulo okushiya uphawu lomfanekiso owaziwayo, kule meko yinto leyo. Eli gama linokwabizwa ngokuba "ngumfanekiso" okanye "umkhondo wangaphakathi," injongo yawo kukuqhagamshelana nezinye izinto njengesiphumo sokugqibela sohlalutyo.
Ingcinga iya kuhlala yahlukile kwinto ekuthethwa ngayo; esi senzo uhlalutyo olwenziwa ngumntu ochaphazelekayo ngento leyoNgoko ke, iindlela zokumisela ingcinga zahlukile ngokupheleleyo kumntu ngamnye. Abantu ababini banokukwazi into enye, kodwa ngamnye uya kugcina imbonakalo eyahlukileyo, echatshazelwa ziimvakalelo zakhe, amava akhe angaphambili, kunye nenkcubeko yakhe.
Umahluko phakathi kwe ukucinga okusengqiqweni kunye ingcinga eqikelelweyo Oku kubalulekile ukuze ukwazi ukugqiba ngolwazi. Ukucinga ngendlela efanelekileyo kuhlala ngaphakathi kolindelo lwangaphakathi lomntu ngento ethile, ngelixa ukucinga ngendlela engokoqobo kufikelela kumava abonakalayo afunyanwa ngumntu ochaphazelekayo ngokusebenzisana nento ethile.
Kodwa, ukuze umntu afikelele kwingcinga yokwenyani, kufuneka adlule kwingcinga eqikelelweyo, apho akwaziyo khona ukwazi ukuba yintoni iimpawu zokwenene zento leyo kwaye aphule ngokupheleleyo ulindelo lwayo; ahlangabezane nokungqubana kwenyani nento eyiyo kunye noko kulindelekileyo kwinto ethile. Kwezinye iindlela, umntu oxutyushwayo unokufumana amava ukuzazi ezithatha njengomntu oza kujongwa kunokuba abe ngumntu oza kuhlalutywa, nangona kwiimeko ezininzi zombini ezi nkalo zidibene.
Kwelinye icala, kukho izifundo ezithi ukuqonda into Oko kukho engqondweni yomntu ocingayo kunokwahluka kwinto yokwenyani; oko kukuthi, akufani nefoto, kodwa kunoko yiyo ukwakhiwa okusebenzayo kwento ngokweempawu ezibonwa ngumntu ochaphazelekayo, ngokwesakhono sazo sokwakha ngokutsha ingqondo yento kunye nezihluzo zenkumbulo kunye nokucinga.
Umdibaniso wezinto ezahlukeneyo
Nganye ye iingcamango zengqondo ezivezwa ngumntu othetha ngento leyoIsihloko, into, ukusebenza kwengqondo, kunye nokubonakaliswa kwengqondo azisebenzi zodwa, kodwa zisebenza njengenkqubo eguqukayo. Ngenxa yoko, ingcinga yinxalenye yenkqubo kunye nokukwazi komntu ukudibanisa izinto ezahlukeneyo.
Isenzo sokwazi sifanele ubuchule bomntu ofundayo bokucubungula izinto ezahlukeneyo Ukufunda kubandakanya ukuqonda, ukukhetha, ukutolika, ukuthelekisa, ukunxulumanisa, nokugcina ulwazi kwimemori. Ulwazi ngalunye olutsha ludityaniswe nolwazi lwangaphambili kwaye luguqula indlela amava exesha elizayo atolikwa ngayo.
Ukuzazi ngokwakhe kwenza umntu Ngaphezulukodwa ungabi nazo ezinye. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukuhambelana umntu aphuhlisa ngako amaqhinga olwazi ahlukeneyo (njengokufunda, ukufunda, ukucamngca ngokunzulu, okanye ukuziqhelanisa ngabom) yikona okuya kumnceda ukuba baphuhlise izakhono zabo zokuqonda kunye neemvakalelo.
Isenzo sokwazi sahluke kakhulu kwisenzo sokucinga; esi samva siyinxalenye yento nganye yolwazi kodwa asisosenzo sokwazi ngokwaso. Ukwazi kuthetha ukuvula into yangaphandle engqondweni ngokwayo, ngelixa ukucinga kugxile dibanisa iimbonakalo zangaphakathiukuzidibanisa, ukuzithelekisa, kwanokugqiba ezintsha. Zombini iinkqubo, nangona kunjalo, zihlala zibuyelana.
Ngolu hlobo, isitshixo sokuphuhlisa ulwazi oluqinileyo noluluncedo kubomi bemihla ngemihla sixhomekeke ekukhuliseni ubudlelwane phakathi oko sikubonayo, indlela esikucubungula ngayo, kunye nokuba loluphi umelo esilugcinayoUkuzazi ezi zinto kusenza sikwazi ukuzibuza iinkolelo ezithintelayo, sandise indlela esizijonga ngayo izinto, size sakhe ukuqonda okunzulu nokunzulu ngathi kunye nehlabathi elisingqongileyo.
Ukuqonda izinto zolwazi akupheleli nje ekubeni nexabiso lethiyori: kukwanceda phucula indlela esifunda ngayoSiyafundisa, sinxibelelana nabanye, kwaye senza izigqibo. Ukwazi indlela yokuchonga indima esiyidlalayo njengezifundo, izinto esikhetha ukufunda ngazo, indlela esizicwangcisa ngayo, kunye neengcinga esizivelisayo kuzo linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekukhuliseni ingqondo ebukhali ngakumbi, enobuchule, neqondayo.