Ixesha icandelo lezentlalo Ibhekisa kwisakhiwo siphela esenza uluntu kummandla othile; esi sakhiwo senziwe zizinto ezifana uxinano lwabantuIimpawu zayo, ukwakheka kwayo, iintshukumo zokufuduka, kunye nezinye izinto ezibandakanyekayo kuphuhliso loluntu ngokubanzi. Ezi nxalenye zichaza indlela uluntu oludalwa ngayo, indlela olusasazwa ngayo esithubeni, indlela olutshintsha ngayo ngokuhamba kwexesha, kunye nefuthe lazo zonke ezi zinto kwimpilo-ntle yoluntu.
Okulandelayo siza kukunika lonke ulwazi oludingayo malunga nezinto zentlalo, zeziphi izinto zophuhliso ezihamba nayo, indlela ezihambelana ngayo nedemografi kunye nokungenelela koluntu, kunye nesizathu sokuba kuyimfuneko ukugcina ucwangco kunye nokulinganisela kwezi zinto ukuze kufezekiswe intsingiselo yokwenene yentlalontle.
Zithini izinto zentlalo?
Ngokubanzi, a icandelo lezentlalo Lulwakhiwo oluqulunqwe zizo zonke izinto ezichaphazela uluntu. Eli gama liquka yonke into eyenza uluntu: iimpawu zabantu, iintshukumo zokufuduka, ubudala kunye nokwakheka kwesini, ukusasazwa kwezixeko nasemaphandleni, inkcubeko, imeko yomtshato, ukusasazwa kolwimi, iiklasi zentlalo kunye nezinye iimpawu ezichaza indlela uluntu olucwangciswe kwaye lusebenza ngayo.
Iindawo zentlalo zihlala zilawula ulwakhiwo lwesakhiwo sentlaloOko kukuthi, indlela uluntu olucwangciswe ngayo kunye nendlela amacandelo alo ahlukeneyo adibana ngayo kwaye asebenza kunye. Ekubeni amacandelo entlalo ebhekisa kwiimpawu zabantu ezisisiseko seso sakhiwo sentlalo, ukuthetha ngamacandelo entlalo kukwathetha ubume babantu, isayensi efunda abemi babantu.
Ngenxa yoko, uhlalutyo lwezinto zentlalo lusenza sikwazi ukufunda izinto ezahlukeneyo iingxaki ezichaphazela uluntu ukubonelela ngezisombululo ezikhawulezayo nezinokwenzeka ezikhuthaza uphuhliso loluntu. Imigaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente kunye noluntu inoxanduva lokuqinisekisa icandelo ngalinye lentlalo izixhobo ezifunekayo kunye nengqalelo ukuze inzuzo efanayo iphucuka ngokuthe chu.
Zithini izinto zayo?
Uphononongo lwecandelo ngalinye lentlalo lujoliswe kwisayensi efana ne isayikholojisti, la inzululwazi ngentlalontleIjografi yabantu, ingakumbi idemografi, zezona zifundo ziphambili kweli candelo. Zihlalutya indlela abemi abakha ngayo, abatshintsha ngayo, nabahlela ngayo, kunye nefuthe lale nguqu kubomi bemihla ngemihla nakumathuba ophuhliso.
Elinye lamasebe esayensi lichaza umntu njengoyena mlinganiswa uphambili kuluntu, ekufuneka yazi ubuninzi babahlali bakho, yendawo yabantu kunye neempawu ezifanayo ezenza inkcubeko Okukhona iziseko zelizwe okanye ummandla ziqina, kokukhona zingcono. Indlela ezi zinto zidibana ngayo imisela amathuba okukhula koqoqosho, umanyano lwentlalo, kunye nenqanaba lempilo-ntle.
Ekubeni unolwazi oluphantsi ngezinye zeendawo zentlalo, sifuna ukuba uqonde nganye nganye nzulu, kunye neempawu zayo ezihamba nayo, uquka nezinye iindawo ezijongwa njengezona zibalulekileyo ekuqondeni ubume babantu bale mihla. uphuhliso lwabantu:
Iiklasi zentlalo
Las iiklasi zentlalo La ngamaqela abumba uluntu ngokwesikhundla sawo kwezoqoqosho, inqanaba lemfundo, umsebenzi, kunye nokufikelela kwizixhobo namathuba. Ngokwesiko, sithetha ngeeklasi eziphezulu, eziphakathi, nezisezantsi, nangona ngokwesiqhelo kukho izinto ezininzi ezingaqhelekanga kunye namaqela amancinci ngaphakathi kwesigaba ngasinye.
Eli candelo lisekelwe ikakhulu kwi amandla okuthenga kunye neemeko zoqoqosho zeqela ngalinye, kodwa ikwaphenjelelwa zizinto ezifana nenkunzi yenkcubeko, iinethiwekhi zentlalo, kunye nokufikelela kulwazi. Udidi lwentlalo luchaphazeleka ngokoqobo yindlela elilawulwa ngayo ilizwe, luhlobo lwemigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho neyentlalo, kunye nendlela ubutyebi obabiwa ngayo.
Inqanaba ngalinye lentlalo liye lachatshazelwa lixesha lanamhlanje, apho umsantsa phakathi kwabo banezixhobo ezininzi kunye nabo banezimbalwa ubonakala ngokungalingani kokufikelela... imfundoimpilo, izindlu ezifanelekileyo, kunye nengqesho esemgangathweni. Eli candelo libalulekile ekuqondeni amazinga okungabikho kobulungisa nokungalingani ezifunyanwa lilizwe ngalinye.
Ukuhanjiswa kweedolophu
La ukusasazwa kwezixeko Le yindlela abantu abasasazeke ngayo, eyahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini aphambili: abantu basezidolophini nabemi basemaphandleniOlu mahluko lusenza sikwazi ukuhlalutya apho abantu bahlala khona, indlela abemi abaxinene ngayo, kunye neenkonzo namathuba afumanekayo kubo.
Ngokufunda ukusasazwa kwezixeko, ulawulo olukhulu lunokufunyanwa phezu iinkonzo zikarhulumente kunye nokufikelela kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Izixeko zigxininisa iziseko zophuhliso, imisebenzi ekhethekileyo, iinkonzo zempilo nezemfundo, ngelixa iindawo zasemaphandleni zidla ngokuba noxinano oluphantsi lwabemi, iinkonzo ezimbalwa, kodwa indima ephambili ekuvelisweni ukutya kunye nokulondolozwa kweenkqubo zendalo.
Kunokubonwa indlela iindawo ezinabantu abaninzi ezidolophini ezibonakala ngayo ukukhula koqoqosho kunemimandla yasemaphandleni ikakhulu. Ngokubanzi, abemi basezidolophini banamathuba amakhulu okukhula nokuphucuka kunabemi basemaphandleni, ngenxa yamathuba ophuhliso anikezelwa zizixeko, nangona oku kukwabandakanya imingeni efana ukwanda kwabantu, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ezindlu kunye nokuxinana kwezothutho.
Kwelinye icala, enye yezinto ezibonwayo kwiindlela zokwahlulahlula uluntu yi ukufuduka kwabantu besuka kwiindawo zasemaphandleni besiya ezidolophiniLe ntshukumo, eyaziwa ngokuba kukufuduka kwabantu basemaphandleni, ifuna ukuphucula iimeko zokuhlala, ukufikelela kwimisebenzi neenkonzo ezingcono, kodwa inokubangela iinkqubo zokususwa kwabantu kwiindawo apho bavela khona kunye nokwanda okungacwangciswanga kwizixeko ezifumana abantu.
isiko
Ixesha isiko Ibandakanya zonke iindlela zokuziphatha, izenzo ezingokomfanekiso, kunye nokuguquka kwabemi abahlukeneyo belizwe, ummandla, okanye ilizwe. Ibandakanya amaxabiso, imigangatho, iinkolelo zonqulo, iimfundiso zezopolitiko, iilwimi, iindlela zobugcisa, kunye nazo zonke iindlela zokubonakalisa eziquka uluntu.
Iindlela zokuziphatha zentlalo ezifana amaxabiso ekwabelwana ngawoIinkolelo zonqulo, iingcamango, kunye neendlela zokuphila zezona zinto zimisela indlela inkcubeko egcinwa neguqulwa ngayo ngaphakathi kwabantu. Le nkcubeko inefuthe kwizigqibo malunga... ukwakheka kwesibini, inani labantwana abafunekayo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabasetyhini kwimarike yemisebenzi, ukubaluleka okunikwa imfundo kunye nezinye iinkalo ezininzi zabantu.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba indawo nganye yejografi ixhomekeke ku iimpawu zenkcubeko yabemi. Inkolo, ngokukodwa, yenza iinkcubeko zibe zizityebi ngokwahlukana, kodwa zinokuchaphazela imiba efana nocwangciso-ntsapho, iindima zesini, kunye nesimo sengqondo malunga nokufuduka. Ke ngoko, inkcubeko yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yentlalo yokuqonda indlela uluntu olukhula ngayo, oluzihlela ngayo, nolunxulumana ngayo nabanye.
Izinto zendalo
Indawo yejografi yenziwe ikakhulu yi amacandelo endalo eziquka yona, kwaye le nkalo ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwemibutho yoluntu. Uphuhliso lwayo luxhomekeke ekulawulweni kwezixhobo zendalo ngokweendawo ezizithintelayo.
Eli candelo lenziwe yi inyama, la zityaloImbonakalo yomhlaba, imozulu, ukufumaneka kwamanzi acocekileyo, kunye nezinye iimpawu zokusingqongileyo zalo mmandla zinefuthe kwingxinano yabemi, iintlobo eziphambili zemisebenzi yezoqoqosho, kunye neengozi zokusingqongileyo ezijongene nabemi balo.
Kwiindawo ezinemithombo emininzi kunye nemozulu epholileyo, uluntu ludla ngokuba luxineneyo, ngelixa iindawo ezinemozulu embi kakhulu, ukunqongophala kwamanzi kakhulu, okanye umhlaba ongachumiyo zidla ngokuba nobuninzi obuphantsi babantu. Ukusetyenziswa okuzinzileyo kwezi zixhobo zendalo kubalulekile ukuze kuthintelwe ukugcwala kwabantu. ukuphelelwa kwezixhobo, ukonakala kokusingqongileyo kunye neengxabano zentlalo ezivela kukungabikho kwezinto.
Ukusasazwa kweelwimi
La ukusasazwa kweelwimi Yinto yenkcubeko ehlalutywa ngokwembono yabantu kunye nezentlalo. Kwisizwe esinye esinolwimi olunye olusemthethweni, kunokubakho ezinye iilwimi ezisemthethweni okanye ezingezizo ezisemthethweni ezisasazeke kakhulu kwiindawo ezithile okanye phakathi kwamaqela athile eentlanga.
Ukugcina ulawulo kunye nerekhodi yeendawo zejografi ngokusekelwe ulwimi oluthethwayo Kubalulekile ukuqonda inkqubo yayo yembali, ubuwena bayo obuhlangeneyo, kunye nokwakha ulawulo olufanelekileyo kubemi bayo. Eli candelo libalulekile ekuyileni imigaqo-nkqubo yemfundo, amaphulo ezempilo, iinkqubo zonyulo, kunye neenkqubo zokudibanisa uluntu ezihlonipha ukwahlukahlukana kweenkcubeko.
Imeko yomtshato
El Ubume obuxela ukuba utshatile okanye awutshatanga Imeko yomtshato yabantu (abangatshatanga, abatshatileyo, abakwibudlelwane bomtshato, abahlukene, abaqhawule umtshato, okanye abafelwe ngabayeni) yinxalenye yoluntu enceda ukuqonda indlela iintsapho ezicwangciswe ngayo, ukuba zeziphi iindlela zokuhlala kunye, kunye nokuba zeziphi iindlela ezikhoyo malunga namanani okuzalwa, ukukhulisa abantwana, kunye nokuzinza kwekhaya.
Izifundo zabantu malunga nesimo somtshato zivumela uhlalutyo lweendlela ezinje ngokulibaziseka kweminyaka yokutshata, ukwanda kweentsapho ezihlala abantu bodwa, ukwahlukahluka kweentlobo zeentsapho, okanye utshintsho kwi ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabasebenzi basetyhiniKonke oku kunefuthe ngqo kwiindlela zokuzala, imfuno yezindlu kunye neenkonzo zentlalo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokuvumelanisa umsebenzi kunye nobomi bosapho.
Izinto zentlalo ezifundwe ngokwedemografi
La ubume babantu Yisayensi efunda iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zendawo ngokwenani labantu. Ijongana nokulinganisa ubungakanani babemi, ichaze ukukhula okanye ukwehla kwabo, kwaye ihlalutye ulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi lwabo. Ikwafunda izizathu kunye nemiphumo yeengxaki zabemi kwaye icebisa amanyathelo omgaqo-nkqubo ukuzisombulula.
Isekwe kubalo Ufunda ubume kunye nokuziphatha kwabemikunye nenkqubo nganye ebumba abantu. Phakathi kwezinto eziphambili zentlalo ezihlalutywa yidemografi kukho:
Ubungakanani babemi
Ubungakanani benani labantu bubhekisa kwi inani labantu abahlala kwindawo ethile ngexesha elithile. Le yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo xa kumiselwa uphando lweemfuno zabemi, iinkonzo zokucwangcisa, kunye nokuyila iziseko zophuhliso. Ubungakanani babemi bunxulumene izinga lokuzalwa kunye izinga lokuswelekakunye neentshukumo zokufuduka.
Ukukhula kwenani labantu kuchazwa njengotshintsho kwinani labantu kuluntu kwixesha elithile kwaye luhlala lulinganiswa ngokusebenzisa izinga lokukhula ngonyakaOlu khula lunokuba yinto yendalo (umahluko phakathi kokuzalwa nokufa) okanye ngokwentlalo (ukufuduka kwabantu nge-intanethi). Inani labantu linokwanda kodwa linciphe izinga lokukhula xa umahluko phakathi kokuzalwa nokufa utshintsha okanye xa inani labantu litshintsha. iipateni zokufuduka.
Amazwe anezinga eliphantsi lokukhula kwabantu kunye nezakhiwo zabantu abadala adla ngokujongana nemingeni efana nale ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi abaselula kunye nokwanda kwenkcitho yoluntu kwimali yomhlalaphantsi kunye nempilo. Kwezinye iimeko zembali, amazwe anenani eliphantsi labemi afikelele kumanqanaba aphezulu ophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso kunye namandla ezoqoqosho, nangona oku kuxhomekeke kwiinguqu ezininzi zezopolitiko, zobuchwepheshe, kunye nezembali.
Ukwakhiwa kwabemi kunye nokuxinana
La ukwakheka kwabantu Inxulumene nomlinganiselo wesini, iintlanga, ubudala, amanqanaba emfundo, imisebenzi, ukusasazwa kweendawo zasemaphandleni nasezidolophini, unqulo, ulwimi, kunye nolwakhiwo lwezolimo nezemizi-mveliso. Ngamanye amazwi, ichaza ukuba ngoobani abenza uluntu kunye nendlela abasasazwa ngayo phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo. iindidi zezentlalo.
La ukuxinana kwabantu Ilinganisa inani labemi ngekhilomitha yesikwere kwaye ivumela uhlalutyo loxinzelelo kwizixhobo zommandla, uhlobo lweendawo zokuhlala, kunye nemingeni yocwangciso lwedolophu nolwasemaphandleni. Iindawo ezixineneyo zihlala zijongene neengxaki ze ukuxinanaIindawo ezinabantu abaninzi zinokuba nokwahlulwahlulwa, ukunqongophala kweenkonzo, kunye nobunzima bokuxhasa imisebenzi yezoqoqosho, ngelixa iindawo ezinabantu abancinci kakhulu zinokuba nongcoliseko kunye nokungabikho kwendawo yokuhlala, ngelixa iindawo ezinabantu abancinci kakhulu zinokuba nokwahlulwahlulwa, ukunqongophala kweenkonzo, kunye nobunzima bokuxhasa imisebenzi yezoqoqosho.
Izifundo ezithile malunga nomlinganiselo wesini okanye ukusasazwa kweminyaka zibonelela ngedatha efanelekileyo yophando lwezentlalo kunye nohlalutyo lwe uphuhliso lwentlalo noqoqosho Umzekelo, uluntu olunabaninzi abantu abaselula abakwiminyaka yokusebenza lunokuba nethuba lokukhula koqoqosho ukuba lunemfundo eyaneleyo kunye nokudalwa kwemisebenzi, ngelixa isakhiwo esidala sifuna utyalo-mali olukhulu kwimpilo kunye nomhlalaphantsi.
Imfuduko
La ukufudukaUkufuduka, nokuba kungaphakathi okanye ngaphandle, kuchaphazela abafuduki ngokwabo kunye neendawo abashiya kuzo kunye nemimandla abafika kuyo. Ukufuduka kuthathwa njengokwenzeka xa abantu befuduka besuka kwenye indawo besiya kwenye ukuze bahlale ngokusisigxina, nokuba kungenxa... iimeko zoqoqoshokwezentlalo, kwezopolitiko, kokusingqongileyo okanye kwenkcubeko.
Iintshukumo zokufuduka zingalandela iipatheni ezichaziweyo (umzekelo, ukufuduka kwabantu ngamaxesha athile onyaka, okanye ukufuduka kwabantu besuka emaphandleni besiya ezidolophini) okanye iziganeko ezingaqhelekanga ezifana neentlekele zemvelo, iingxabano ezixhobileyo, okanye iingxaki zoqoqosho. Kukwakho umahluko phakathi kokufuduka kwabantu. ngokuzithandela (xa abantu begqiba ekubeni bafuduke bekhangela amathuba angcono) kwaye ngokuzenzekela (njengakwimeko yababaleki, abantu abagxothiweyo ngenkani okanye amaxhoba okurhweba ngabantu).
Ukufuduka kwenza abantu badibane nabantu iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo Ukufuduka yeyona nto iphambili kwiingxabano ezininzi zobuhlanga nezobuhlanga, kodwa ikwakhokelela kwiinkqubo zokutyebisa inkcubeko kunye nokuguquguquka kwezoqoqosho. Ukuhamba kweendlela zokufuduka kunempembelelo enamandla kwiindawo ezivela kuzo (ukulahlekelwa ngabantu, iimali ezithunyelwayo, ukuxinana kwengqondo) nakwiindawo ekuyiwa kuzo (ukwanda kwabantu abasebenzayo, ukwahlukana kwenkcubeko, uxinzelelo kwiinkonzo).
Ukufudukela ezidolophini
La ukufudukela ezidolophini Lilinye icandelo lentlalo elifunda ulungelelwaniso kunye nokuziphatha kwabantu ngokweendawo zokuhlala ezidolophini kunye nezixeko apho baphuhliswa khona. Lihlalutya iingenelo, iingxaki, iimpawu, kunye neendlela apho indawo ethile iba yindawo yokuhlala ezidolophini, kunye nolwalamano phakathi kokukhula kwezixeko kunye mgangatho wobomi.
Oku kwenziwa ngezifundo zabantu ezivavanya amandla abantu basezidolophini, ukufikelela kwabo kwiindawo zokuhlala, ezothutho, ingqesho, kunye neenkonzo ezisisiseko. Ukufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kocwangciso olufanelekileyo kunokukhokelela kwiindawo zokuhlala ezingekho sikweni, ukungabikho kweziseko zophuhliso, kunye namazinga aphezulu [angacacanga - mhlawumbi "ulwaphulo-mthetho" okanye "ingxaki"]. ukungalingani kwezixekoNangona ukulungelelana kwezixeko kunokukhuthaza ubuchule, ukufikelela kwiinkonzo kunye nokuguquguquka kwezoqoqosho.
Ukuchuma kunye nokuqina
La inzalo Ifunda amandla endalo omfazi okufumana abantwana, oko kukuthi, inani labantwana abanokuba nabo ngexesha lokuzala kwakhe. ukuchuma Ibhekisa kwinani labantwana umfazi anabo ngokwenene kwaye angabakhulisa ngokwezoqoqosho, imfundo, kunye namathuba akhe entlalo.
Ukuzala kunokuchaphazeleka zizinto ezahlukeneyo zebhayoloji nezentlalo, kuquka iindlela zokwakheka kwesibini, ukuphindaphindwa kwezenzo zesondo, ukufumaneka nokusetyenziswa kweendlela zokuthintela ukukhulelwa, ukuxhaphaka kokukhipha isisu, imigaqo-nkqubo yocwangciso-ntsapho, ukubandakanyeka kwabasetyhini emsebenzini, kunye nemigaqo yenkcubeko malunga nobungakanani bosapho olufanelekileyo.
Umzekelo oqhelekileyo wezinga eliphezulu lokuzala unokubonwa kwiindawo apho abafazi, ngokomndilili, banabantwana abaninzi ubomi babo bonke, ngelixa kwezinye iindawo, ukuncipha kokuzala kukhokelele kwiintsapho ezincinci, ukwaluphala kwabantu, kunye nemingeni ekuqhubekeni kweenkqubo zentlalo. ukhuseleko loluntuUkuqonda la mahluko kubalulekile ekucwangciseni imfundo, impilo, kunye neenkonzo zokhathalelo lwabantwana.
Ukufa kunye nexesha lokuphila
La ukubhubha Ilinganiswa ngokubala ukufa ngenani elithile labantu kubemi, ngesiqhelo kubemi abali-1000. Le nto inxulunyaniswa nokukwazi kommandla ngokusekelwe kubukho babantu abadala, umgangatho wenkqubo yezempilo, inqanaba lobuhlwempu, kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo.
Kukho izalathisi zokufa ngokweminyaka nangokwasesini ezivumela ukuchongwa kwamaqela asengozini ngakumbi. Ukufa komntwanaUmzekelo, inefuthe ngqo ekukhuleni nasekuphuhlisweni kwenani labantu. Inani eliqhelekileyo lokufa kwabantwana abaneminyaka ephakathi kwe-0 kunye ne-1 ubudala kwi-1000 yokuzalwa okuphilayo luphawu oluphambili lokufikelela kunyango lokukhulelwa, ugonyo, isondlo, kunye neenkonzo zempilo ezisisiseko.
Enye ingcamango enxulumene noko yile ixesha lokuphilaUlindelo lobomi lubonisa inani eliphakathi leminyaka ekulindeleke ukuba umntu ayiphile ngokusekelwe kumanani okufa abonwayo. Ulindelo lobomi oluphezulu lubonisa impilo entle, ukutya okunesondlo, ucoceko, kunye nokhuseleko, ngelixa amaxabiso aphantsi edla ngokunxulunyaniswa nobuhlwempu obugqithisileyo, iingxabano, okanye iinkqubo zonyango ezingaphelelanga.
Ukulawulwa kwabantu okanye ucwangciso losapho
Kubaluleke kakhulu ngaphakathi ulwakhiwo lwezinto zentlalo Lulawulo lwabemi okanye ucwangciso losapho. Eli candelo lijongene nemigaqo-nkqubo kunye neenkqubo ezivumela abantu kunye nezibini ukuba bakhethe ngokukhululekileyo, ngokunoxanduva, nangolwazi olupheleleyo ukuba bangaphi abantwana abafunayo kwaye nini na.
Ucwangciso losapho lubandakanya ukufikelela iindlela zokuthintela ukukhulelwaImfundo ebanzi ngesondo, iinkonzo zempilo yokuzala, kunye namaphulo okwazisa. Injongo yayo kukulinganisela ukukhula kwabantu kunye namandla eentsapho kunye noluntu ukuqinisekisa ukutya okwaneleyo, izindlu, imfundo, kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo kwizizukulwana ezizayo.
Ngokweengxelo zembali, inani labemi behlabathi liye landa ngokuphindwe kabini rhoqo emva kweminyaka engama-35 ngamaxesha athile; olu tshintsho kunye noxinzelelo oluvela kwinani labantu luye lwakhokelela amazwe afana neTshayina ukuba asebenzise imigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula inani labantwana kusapho ngalunye. La manyathelo abonisa izizathu zokungenelela kurhulumente kunye nemingcipheko enxulumene noko xa inkululeko yokuzala kunye namalungelo engahlonitshwa.
Le nto inezinzuzo kunye neengxaki zayo, kuba kwezinye iimeko kuye kwasetyenziswa amanyathelo athintela inkululeko yokuzikhethela, ingakumbi kwabasetyhini. Nangona kunjalo, xa isetyenziswa ngokwembono amalungelo oluntuUcwangciso losapho lubalulekile kwimpilo-ntle yoluntu, ukuzimela komntu ngamnye, kunye nokuzinza kokusingqongileyo, ingakumbi kumazwe anezinga eliphantsi loqoqosho okanye uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwabantu.
Uvavanyo kunye nokumisela izinto ezibangela ukukhula koluntu
El ukwanda kwabemi Ukukhula kwenani labantu kuchazwa njengotshintsho kwinani labantu kuluntu kwixesha elithile. Ngokuqhelekileyo kulinganiswa ngesantya sokukhula sonyaka, esiqwalasela ukwanda kwendalo (ukuzalwa ngaphandle kokufa) kunye nokufuduka kwabantu.
Kunokwenzeka ukuba inani labantu likhule kodwa libe namava ukucotha kwesantya sokukhula kwayo ngenxa yotshintsho kumahluko phakathi kokuzalwa nokufa okanye utshintsho kwindlela abantu abafudukayo abaphuma ngayo. Idemografi ifuna ukuqonda olu tshintsho ngohlalutyo olucokisekileyo lwezizathu ezisisiseko kunye nemiphumo yazo kwi Ubume babeminokuba kukwaluphala kwabantu, kumlinganiselo wabantu abatsha okanye kubukho babasebenzi abasebenzayo.
Izinto ezichaphazela ukuzala nokufa
La ukuchuma Izinga lokuzalwa linokuchatshazelwa zizinto zebhayoloji (ubudala bomama, impilo yokuzala, ukuzala), kodwa zikwachatshazelwa zizinto zentlalo ezifana zenkcubeko, ukufikelela kwimfundo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimarike yabasebenzi babasetyhini, ukufumaneka kwezinto zokuthintela ukukhulelwa kunye nesakhelo somthetho esijikeleze impilo yesondo neyokuzala.
Kwelinye icala, i ukubhubha Ukugula nokufa kunokwandiswa zizifo ezosulelayo okanye ezingapheliyo, iingozi, ubundlobongela, iingxabano, kunye nokwaluphala kwabantu. Ukuhlalutya izifo nokufa kufuna ukuqonda unobangela kunye nobhubhane wezifo, kunye iimeko zentlalo noqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo ezichaphazela uluntu, ezifana nokufikelela emanzini okusela, umgangatho wezindlu, okanye ukutya.
Ukusebenzisana kwezi zinto kumisela amazinga okuzalwa nokufa, nto leyo echaphazela amazinga okukhula, ulwakhiwo lweminyaka, kunye nesidingo sempilo, imfundo, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo. Ukuqonda ezi patheni kubalulekile ekuyileni imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente esebenzayo.
Indima yokufuduka kwimiba yobuninzi babantu
La ukufuduka Ukufuduka yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenguquko yabemi, njengoko abantu befuduka ngenxa yezizathu zoqoqosho, zentlalo, zopolitiko, okanye zokusingqongileyo. Iimeko zemveliso zinokuvelisa "intsalela" yabemi abafuna amathuba kwezinye iindawo, ngelixa izinto ezityhalela phambili (ubuhlwempu, ubundlobongela, iintlekele) kunye nezinto ezitsalayo (ingqesho, ukhuseleko, iinkonzo) zimisela ubukhulu kunye necala lokuhamba kokufuduka.
Ukuqonda ezi zinto, kunye nokuthembeka imithombo yedatha Idatha efana nokubalwa kwabantu, iirekhodi zolawulo, kunye nophando zibalulekile ekuhlalutyeni impembelelo yokufuduka kwabantu ekukhuleni kwabantu, nokuba ibangela ukwanda, ukuncipha, okanye ukuzinza kobungakanani babemi. Ngaphezu koko, ukuhlanganiswa kwemarike yoluntu kunye neyabasebenzi kwabafuduki kubalulekile ekuthinteleni uxinzelelo kunye nokusebenzisa amandla abo. amandla ophuhliso.
Ukubaluleka kolwazi lwabantu kwizicwangciso zongenelelo loluntu
por ukungenelela koluntu Siyaqonda isenzo esicwangcisiweyo nesifanelekileyo ngokwesakhelo somthetho okanye sethiyori, esenziwa kwiqela okanye kumntu ngamnye ngenjongo ezimbini zokuphucula imeko yakhe, ukuvelisa utshintsho kwezentlalo nokuphelisa iimeko ezidala ukungalingani.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukufundisa iingcali kunye nabafundi ukuba ucwangciso olusekelwe kuphando olupheleleyo lwenyani Ukuze kuhlengahlengiswe ukungenelela, kwaye ngaphakathi kweli nyani, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ngabantu. Ke ngoko, idemografi iba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuqonda ngokupheleleyo uluntu oluza kujoliswa kulo ukungenelela.
La ubume babantu Ijongana nokulinganisa ubungakanani babemi kunye nokuchaza ukukhula okanye ukwehla kwabo. Ijonga inani labantu njengeqela labantu abaneempawu ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene nabo: ubudalaIsini, imeko yomtshato, indawo yokuhlala, inqanaba lemfundo, umsebenzi, njl. Olu luhlu luhlaziywa phantsi kwesenzo esithe ngqo seziganeko ezintathu: izinga lokuzalwa, izinga lokufa, kunye nokufuduka.
Uhlalutyo lwedemografi lufunda uluntu ngokweembono ezimbini: isizukulwana ngokuhamba kwexesha (uhlalutyo lwexesha elide) kunye noluntu ngexesha elithile (uhlalutyo olunqamlezileyo). Iinjongo zalo zezi: chaza, ulinganise kwaye uhlalutye utshintsho kunye nemiphumo yalo. Uninzi lomsebenzi wedemografi ludla ngokuba yimisebenzi yezibalo kwaye lusisiseko sokuyila imigaqo-nkqubo yezentlaloiinkonzo kunye neenkqubo zokungenelela.
Izinga lokuzalwa, izinga lokufa, kunye nokufuduka njengeenkqubo zabantu
Izinga lokuzalwa, izinga lokufa, kunye nokufuduka zezona zinto ziphambili. izinto eziguqukayo Uhlalutyo lwedemografi. Zenza iinkqubo ezibangela utshintsho kwisakhiwo sedemografi, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha, kwisakhiwo sentlalo, sezoqoqosho nesezopolitiko soluntu.
Uninzi lwazo iimfuno zentlalo Ezi ngxaki zivela kutshintsho lwenani labantwana kuluntu: ukwanda kwabantwana abafuna izikolo, ukwanda kwabantu abadala abafuna ukunyanyekelwa, ukufika kwabafuduki abafuna iinkonzo zokudibanisa, njalo njalo. Ukukhula kwabemi kubangelwa kukudibana kwezi zinto, kwaye ukulinganisela okanye ukungalingani kwazo kumisela kakhulu imingeni uphuhliso lwabantu.
Ukusasazwa kwabantu kunye nokungabikho kokukhula
La ukusasazwa kwabantu Ukusasazwa kwabantu kumhlaba wonke akulingani. Ukuze kufundwe oku, kusetyenziswa iingcamango ezifana nenani labantu abapheleleyo (inani lilonke labemi abahlala kwindawo ethile) kunye noxinano lwabantu (ubudlelwane phakathi kwenani labemi nendawo abahlala kuyo).
Ubuninzi babantu bubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwabemi kunye nommandla kwaye bubalwa ngokwahlula inani lilonke labantu ngeekhilomitha zesikwere zommandla. Olu lwazi luluncedo ekuthelekiseni imimandla nokuqonda isizathu sokuba inani labantu lidla ngokugxininisa kwiindawo ezithile. imimandla etyebileyo, kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi abasebenzayo okanye kwiindawo ezinemozulu entle, ngelixa ezinye iindawo zisenabantu abambalwa okanye zinabantu abambalwa.
El ukukhula okungekho Le yimeko apho ubungakanani babemi bungatshintshi minyaka le ngenxa yokudibana kokuzalwa, ukufa, kunye nokufuduka. Inxulunyaniswa neemeko apho abantu abambalwa bazalwa khona kwaye abaninzi basinda, nto leyo ekhokelela ekukhuleni kwabemi kwaye ibangela imingeni efana nokuzinza kweenkqubo. iipensheni kunye nempilo.
Ukuhambahamba kwezentlalo kunye nokuhambahamba kweendawo
Ukwanda kwe ukuhamba Le yinto exhaphakileyo kuluntu oluphucukileyo. Ukushukuma kwezentlalo kubhekisa ekushukumeni kwabantu ngabanye kunye namaqela phakathi kwezikhundla ezahlukeneyo zentlalo noqoqosho, ngelixa ukushukuma kweendawo kubhekisa kutshintsho kwindawo yokuhlala, rhoqo ngenxa yezizathu zomsebenzi okanye zemfundo.
Inkalo nganye yokuhambahamba kwezentlalo (ethe tye okanye ethe nkqo, phezulu okanye ezantsi, yobungcali, phakathi kwezizukulwana) inokuba ngumxholo wezifundo ezisivumela ukuba sichonge inqanaba ukuguquguquka okanye ukungami yoluntu. Usapho oluvela kulo, inqanaba lemfundo elifikelelekayo, utshintsho kwezoqoqosho, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu inefuthe elikhulu kumathuba okuphucula uluntu.
Ngokuphathelele ukuhambahamba kweendawo, uphuhliso lweziseko zonxibelelwano, ubuchwepheshe obutsha, kunye neemfuno zokuguquguquka kwimarike yezabasebenzi zikhokelela ekwandeni kohambo oluya emsebenzini okanye kwizifundo. Le nkqubo inefuthe kwi ubomi bentsapho, ukuhlanganiswa koluntu kunye nempilo-ntle yomntu ngamnye.
Iinkonzo zentlalo, umgaqo-nkqubo wentlalo kunye nentlalo-ntle yoluntu
Los iinkonzo zentlalo Umgaqo-nkqubo wentlalo uvela njengempendulo ehlelekileyo kwiingxaki neemfuno zabemi. Iinkonzo zentlalo yinkqubo yokunceda abantu ngabanye, amaqela, okanye uluntu ukuze kufezekiswe utshintsho olujongana neengxaki ezinje ngobuhlwempu, ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle, ukuxhomekeka, okanye ukunqongophala kwezixhobo ezisisiseko.
Iinkonzo zentlalo zithandwa kakhulu phuhliso (amathuba okukhula komntu ngamnye, iqela kunye noluntu), inxaxheba (amandla abantu ngabanye okuthatha indima ephambili kubomi boluntu) kunye nokuthintela Ukujongelwa phantsiInjongo yayo ephambili kukuba ubomi bomntu ngamnye kunye nobeqela bufezekiswe kwimeko yokuzaliseka okulinganiselweyo, okwaziwa ngokuba yentlalontle.
Ngenxalenye yalo, i umgaqo-nkqubo wentlalo Intlalontle iqondwa njengeseti yezenzo zikawonke-wonke ezijolise ekuphuculeni umgangatho wobomi ngokubonelela ngeenkonzo ezigubungela iimfuno ezisisiseko ezifana nokutya, impilo, imfundo, izindlu, kunye nomvuzo omncinci. Ikwajonge ukunciphisa ukungalingani kwezentlalo kunye namaqela enkxaso, ngenxa yobudala, ukugula, ukukhubazeka, okanye ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle, angakwaziyo ukuvelisa ingeniso eyaneleyo ngomsebenzi.
Abemi, uphuhliso loqoqosho kunye nokuzinza
Ubudlelwane phakathi uluntu kunye nophuhliso Lubudlelwane obumxinwa nobuntsonkothileyo. Kwelinye icala, ukukhula kwabemi kunokukhuthaza uqoqosho ngokwandisa imfuno yeempahla neenkonzo nokwandisa abasebenzi. Kwelinye icala, ukukhula okungalawulwayo kunokubeka uxinzelelo olukhulu kuqoqosho. zendaloiziseko zophuhliso kunye neenkonzo zoluntu, nto leyo ethintela uphuhliso.
La umgangatho wabemi Kwakhona kubalulekile: amazwe anabantu abafundileyo nabasempilweni adla ngokuphuhlisa uqoqosho ngokukhawuleza kuba abasebenzi bawo banemveliso engakumbi. Akupheleli nje ekubeni bangaphi abantu, kodwa kuxhomekeke kwizakhono zabo, umgangatho wabo wemfundo, kunye namathuba engqesho kunye namathuba okuthatha inxaxheba kuluntu abawafumanayo.
Xa ukukhula koluntu kudlula ukuveliswa kwemisebenzi kunye nokwandiswa kweenkonzo ezisisiseko, iingxaki ezinje ngokungabikho kwemisebenzi, ukungabikho kwemisebenzi ngokwaneleyo, ukungabikho kwemisebenzi esesikweni, kunye [nokungacacanga - mhlawumbi "ukungabikho kwemisebenzi esesikweni"] zinokuvela. ubuhlwempu besakhiwoUkuba, kwelinye icala, inani labantu likhula kancinci okanye liyancipha, imingeni igxile ekuqhubekeni kwemveliso, ukuxhasa ngemali umhlala-phantsi kunye nokugcina amandla ezoqoqosho kunye nabantu abambalwa abaneminyaka yokusebenza.
Izinto ezichaphazela uluntu, uluntu, kunye nezoqoqosho zidibene kakhulu: ukuqonda indlela ezisebenzisana ngayo kuvumela uyilo lwemigaqo-nkqubo nophuhliso oluzinzileyo ezilungelelanisa ukukhula kwabantu, ukukhuselwa kwendalo, kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi babantu.
Uphononongo olucokisekileyo lwezinto zentlalo kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kuphuhliso lwabantu aluncedi nje kuphela ekutolikeni imeko yangoku, kodwa lukwanceda ekuqikeleleni iimeko zexesha elizayo kunye nokucwangcisa iindlela zokungenelela ezikhuthaza uluntu olunobulungisa, olumanyeneyo noluzinzileyo, olukwaziyo ukubonelela ngamathuba ahloniphekileyo kubo bonke abantu abayinxalenye yazo.