Los imigaqo yokuzivelela kwezinto kunye nethiyori kuye kwenze umntu oqiqayo ukuba afikelele kumanqanaba aphezulu olwazi; ukuqonda imvelaphi yobomi bakhe kunye notshintsho kwintlobo ngeentlobo kuye kwanefuthe elikhulu kuphuhliso kuluntu, la isiko kunye nesayensi yanamhlanje.
Iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo ezifana humanism kunye yendaloIfiziksi, kunye nefilosofi, inegalelo kwingcinga yesayensi ngokusivumela ukuba sakhe iingcamango ezahlukeneyo malunga nemvelaphi kunye nokuguquka kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuze singene nzulu kwesi sihloko, kuye kwacetyiswa iingcamango ezininzi ukuchaza oku uphuhliso lwabantu nezilwanyanaKwaye ngeli xesha uza kufunda i-biology nge Ingcamango kaLamarck yokuguquka kwezinto, imeko yayo yembali, iingcamango zayo, imizekelo yakudala kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwimbali yesayensi, ikwayithelekisa nemfundiso kaDarwin kunye neendlela zangoku.
Wayengubani uJean Baptiste de Lamarck?
UJean Baptiste de Lamarck wayengumntu wokuqala osisazi ngendalo ukuphakamisa ngokucwangcisiweyo isicwangciso ithiyori ngokubanzi yokuzivelela kwezinto eziphilayoNjengoko igama layo lisitsho, indlela yayo igxile kwi indaleko isekelwe kwingcamango yokuba ubomi bebuza kuvela ngeendlela ezilula kakhulu, kwaye ekuhambeni kwexesha, buza kuphela ukwenza izinto zibe nzima kwaye zahluke ngenxa yokuziqhelanisa kwayo neendawo ezahlukeneyo.
Ngo-1802 waqala ukusebenzisa eli gama "Ibhayoloji" ukubhekisa kwisayensi echaza izidalwa eziphilayo kwaye ifunda indlela eziziphatha ngayo, imvelaphi yazo, iindawo zokuhlala, kunye nezinye izinto ezibangela uphuhliso; ukongeza, uthathwa njengomseki we i-paleontology yezilwanyana ezingenamqoloUmsebenzi wakhe wawubonisa inyathelo elibalulekileyo ekwahlukaniseni uphando ngendalo kwiingcaciso zonqulo kuphela nokuvula indlela yendlela ebanzi ngakumbi. inzululwazi y isazi ngendalo.
ULamarck wadalwa kwimeko apho ukuzinza kwezintoOko kukuthi, ingcamango yokuba iintlobo zezilwanyana zadalwa njengoko sizibona kwaye zahlala zingaguquki. Ngokuchasene nale mbono, isazinzulu sendalo saseFransi sathi iintlobo zobomi zangoku aziguquki. inzala eguquliweyo kwezangaphambili, kwaye utshintsho lwenzeka ngandlela thile kancinci kancinci kwaye iyaqhubeka ngamaxesha amakhulu.
Ithini ingcamango yenguqulelo?
La ithiyori yokuguquka ULamarck ubuza lo mbuzo kwincwadi yakhe ethi "Zoological Philosophy." Kulo msebenzi, uchaza iingcamango ezahlukeneyo ukuchaza Inkqubo yokuzivelela kwezinto apho iintlobo ezininzi zadlula khona njengoko zazisiba nobuchule ngakumbi kwaye ziqhelana nendawo ezikuyo. Ngokuchaseneyo nengcamango yeentlobo ezizinzileyo, uLamarck uthi zonke iintlobo zobomi ziye iveliswa ngokulandelelana kwendalo, siqala ngezona zilula size siqhubekele phambili sisiya kwimibutho enzima ngakumbi.
Lonke utshintsho olwenziwayo ULamarck uchaza izidalwa eziphilayo Ichazwa phantsi kwethiyori yokuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo Izinto ezichaphazela ngqo ubomi bento ephilayo ziimeko eziqhuba olu hlobo ukuba luqhubeke Inkqubo yotshintshoIimeko ezintsha zidala iimfuno; ezi mfuno zidala imikhwa emitshakunye nemikhwa, ngokusebenzisa ukusebenzisa okanye ukungasebenzisi amalungu omzimba, ekugqibeleni kuvelisa utshintsho kwindlela umzimba osebenza ngayo.
Ngokutsho kukaLamarck, into enye yintoni enokubakho Yehlisa isantya Inkqubo yotshintsho lweentlobo zezilwanyana ukuba bhetyebhetye abajongene nazo xa bejamelene neemeko ezintsha zokusingqongileyo; nangona kunjalo, oku akuwuthinteli ngokupheleleyo utshintsho. Kuye, indalo ikwimeko intshukumo rhoqoukusoloko siqalisa kwakhona imveliso yezinto ezilula kwaye sizivumela ukuba zahluke ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Iziseko zophando lukaLamarck
ULamarck uthi, into yokuqala, ayinakuphikiswa ukuba ukukhula kunye nokutshintsha kohloboQaphela ukuba xa kukho izidalwa eziphilayo kuvela ukutshintsha imikhwa kuxhomekeke kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ngenxa yokwahluka kotshintsho oluvela kwimeko ethile, iintlobo zezilwanyana kufuneka zitshintshe indlela eziphila ngayo. amasiko kunye nokuziphatha ukusinda.
Ngokusekelwe kwezi zinto ziqwalaselweyo, uLamarck waqulunqa amaqhinga aliqela “imithetho” okanye imigaqo esisiseko:
- El ukusetyenziswa rhoqo i-organ iqinisa uphuhliso lwayo kwaye iphucula umsebenzi wayo; ukungasetyenziswa ixesha elide kukhokelela ekubeni ibe buthathaka ize ekugqibeleni inyamalale.
- Las uhlengahlengiso oluluncedo ezifunyanwa ngabantu ubomi babo bonke zinokuba idluliselwe kwinzalaizizukulwana eziqokelelanayo emva kwezinye.
Kule nkqubo, Imfuza (ebengayazi uLamarck ngelo xesha, kodwa eqonda ukuba yindlela yokudlulisela) yayiza kuba noxanduva lokuqhubela phambili utshintsho lweentlobo, ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezinde zebhayoloji de kufikelelwe kwintlangano elungelelaniswe ngcono.
Ukwaveze ezi ngxoxo zilandelayo, ezibumba umbono wakhe ngendalo:
- Izinto eziphilayo ezaziwayo namhlanje zinezinto wahlala eMhlabeni ngenxa yokuba zidalwe zaza zaguqulwa yindalo ngokwayo, kungekhona njengezinto ezizinzileyo nezingenakuguquka.
- Njengoko ihlabathi litshintsha, iimeko zisenokuya zisiba nzima okanye zingabi nzima kangako, kwaye iintlobo zezilwanyana ziyasabela ngokuphuhlisa amandla amatsha ezenza kube lula ukusinda kwabo.
- Isidalwa ngasinye sasemhlabeni siphuhlisa izitho zangasese ngokwendlela ezilungelelana ngayo, ukuze zibe luncedo ngakumbi kwizizukulwana ezizayo.
- La iintlobo ngeentlobo zobomi Ngeyayiveliswe ngenxa yokubonakala okuqhubekayo iintlobo ezintsha eziguquliweyo ukuqala kwiindlela ezilula.
Iingxoxo eziphambili zoguquko
Ngokuxhomekeke kwimikhwa yentlobo nganye, izigqibo eziqinileyo zinokuthathwa malunga notshintsho lwayo. KuLamarck, yonke imeko entsha Idala isidingo kwisilwanyana, kwaye isilwanyana kufuneka senze konke okusemandleni aso ukusanelisa. Ngokuhlala senza umsebenzi ofuna okungaphezulu kwamandla aso okuqala, umzimba uya kunyanzeleka ukuba lungisa ulwakhiwo lwayo ukuphendula ngcono kwezo mfuno.
Ngale ndlela, i ubuthathaka Idla ngokuncipha kwimvelaphi, kwaye iintlobo ezininzi ziyavela. iqinile kwaye iyinkimbinkimbiezikwaziyo ukuphila kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. ULamarck wabona le nkqubo njenge ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye “ayinamvakalelo” ngokwembono yomntu, oko kukuthi, icotha kangangokuba ayinakubonwa ngokuthe ngqo ngexesha lobomi bomntu ngamnye.
Ngamanye amazwi, indaleko, ngokutsho kukaLamarck, ingashwankathelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: iimeko zangaphandle Zidala imfuneko; loo mfuneko ibangela imikhwa emitshaImikhwa iguqula amalungu omzimba ngokusetyenziswa nangokungasetyenziswa; kwaye olu tshintsho luyazinza kancinci kancinci kuhlobo.
Imizekelo echaza ithiyori kaLamarck
Ukuze kucaciswe ngcono iingcamango ezahlukeneyo zokuzivelela kwezinto eziveliswe nguLamarck, kusetyenziswa imizekelo emininzi yakudala ebonisa indlela ukusebenzisa okanye ukungasebenzisi yelungu elithile iya kunxulunyaniswa nophuhliso lwalo kunye nelifa lalo.
Umzekelo 1: iindlulamthi ezinentamo ende
Lo mzekelo ngowona usetyenziswa kakhulu ukuchaza UbuLamarckismLe yindlela indlulamthi eyayiza kuzivelela ngayo.
Ekuqalekeni kweentlobo, Iindlulamthi bezinokuba neentamo ezimfutshane kakhuluOku kwabathintela ekufikeleleni lula kumagqabi aphezulu emithi, awayeyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokutya kwabo. Kwiindawo ezinembalela rhoqo, amagqabi aphezulu emithi ayengumthombo wawo wokutya oyintloko. ukutya kunye nokufuma kwamanzi emzimbeni.
Iindlulamthi, zinyanzelwa ziimeko, kwafuneka zenze umzamo oqhubekayo wokolula intamo baze bafikelele kuloo magqabi. Ngokutsho kukaLamarck, lo mkhwa ngewawubangele ukuba intamo yande kancinci kubantu ababeyisebenzisa kakhulu, kwaye inzala yabo izuze iintamo ezinde kancinci.
Kwizizukulwana ezininzi, iindlulamthi bezifikelele kwinqanaba ubude bentamo efanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba olu hlobo lwezilwanyana luhlala lukho kuloo ndawo yokuhlala.
Umzekelo 2: umboko wendlovu
La elephants Lo ngomnye umzekelo oqhelekileyo waseLamarckian. Kwiindawo apho amanzi anqabileyo nakude khona, ookhokho beendlovu babekufumanisa kunzima ukufikelela emanzini.
ULamarck wayeza kutolika ukuba ezi zilwanyana, zinyanzelwe ukuba yolula kancinci kancinci iimpumlo Ukuze bafikelele emanzini, ngebabezolule imiboko yabo ngokuyisebenzisa. Isiqu eside besiya kuba luncedo olucacileyo, kwaye olu tshintsho lufunyenweyo beluya kudluliselwa kwinzala yabo, nto leyo eya kubangela ukuba isiqu esiphuhlisiweyo esikwaziyo namhlanje.
Umzekelo 3: Iintsiba zePorcupine
Ngokutsho kukaLamarck, iintlobo ezininzi zazifumana zifuna ukuphuhliswa iindlela zokhuselo enamandla kakhulu. Ityala lika i-porcupine Imangalisa ngokukodwa: ukususela kumzimba obuthathaka nobuthathaka, abo bantu bahlaselwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo bebeya kuziqinisa kancinci kancinci izakhiwo zolusu lwabo de lwakhiwe. imiqolo ekhuselayo.
Ezi ngcambu, eziluncedo ekusoyikiseni izilwanyana ezizingelayo, ziya kudluliselwa kwinzala, nto leyo eya kudala uhlobo oluxhotyiswe ngcono kakhulu ukuba lungasinda.
Umzekelo 4: Amaphiko eentaka akhethekileyo
Iintaka ziye zaqhelanisa amaphiko kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zemozulu kunye neendawo zokuhlala apho zikhula khona. Ezinye zinamaphiko amakhulu, amade okutyibiliza, ngelixa ezinye zinamaphiko amancinci, angqukuva okuhamba ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo ezixineneyo.
Kwimeko ipenguinYintaka enamaphiko angengawo awokubhabha, kodwa awokubhabha qubha ngokusebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwaye zifuna ukutya phantsi kwamanzi. Ngokwembono kaLamarckian, izizukulwana ezazisebenzisa amaphiko azo ngakumbi xa zidada kwaye zingasebenzisi kakhulu xa zibhabha zaziza kutshintsha kancinci imo yazo de zibe zezona zikhethekileyo kwindawo yasemanzini.
Ukubaluleka kwethiyori kaLamarck yokuguqula izinto
Nangona ngoku sisazi ukuba uninzi lweendlela ezicetywayo nguLamarck azichanekanga, ingcamango yakhe inamandla amakhulu. ixabiso lembali nelengqiqoYayililinge lokuqala eliqinileyo lokuchaza indlela iintlobo zezilwanyana ezitshintsha ngayo ngokuhamba kwexesha ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kuphela ukungenelela okungaphaya kwendalo.
Phakathi kwegalelo elibalulekileyo leLamarckism, oku kulandelayo kunokugqanyiswa:
- Uphikisa ngelithi iintlobo zezilwanyana azilungiswangakodwa endaweni yoko ziyaguquka kuyo yonke imbali yoMhlaba, eyahlukana ngqo nokuqina kunye nokutolikwa okungokoqobo kweengxelo zokudala.
- Ugxininise kakhulu ukulungelelaniswa kwezinto eziphilayo nokusingqongileyo njengophawu oluphambili lobomi, silindele enye yeengcinga eziza kuthathwa yiDarwinism kamva: iintlobo zezilwanyana ziyaqhelaniswa neemeko zendalo ezikuyo.
- Wayecinga ukuba indaleko yinkqubo utshintsho oluncinci nolungabonakaliyo ziqokelelene ixesha elide, nto leyo enceda ekucaciseni isizathu sokuba singenakubona utshintsho olukhulu kwisizukulwana esinye.
- Ucebise ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo Ivela ekudibaneni kweemeko ezininzi zendalo kunye nemikhwa efunyenweyo, nto leyo evula ithuba lokufunda ngokucwangcisiweyo indima yendalo kwindaleko.
Ngezi ngcinga, uLamarck uncedise ekuqondeni ibhayoloji njengesayensi efunda iinkqubo zembali kwaye kungekuphela nje ukudweliswa kweentlobo zobomi okungaguqukiyo.
Umahluko phakathi kukaLamarck noDarwin
UCharles Darwin naye wazama ukuchaza iindlela zokuvela kwezinto eziphilayoKodwa wakwenza oko ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Ngelixa uLamarck wayebeka ilifa leempawu ezifunyenweyo kunye nentshukumo ethe ngqo yendalo esingqongileyo kwimilo yomzimba, uDarwin wagxininisa utshintsho oluzuzwa ngokwendalo kunye ukhetho lwendalo.
Kwithiyori kaDarwin, amaqela ahlala ebonisa uhlobo oluthile ukuguquguqukaAbanye abantu bazalwa beneempawu ezithi, ngengozi, zibenze bafaneleke ngakumbi ukusinda nokuzala kwindawo ethile. Aba bantu bayahamba inzala engakumbi, nto leyo eyenza iimpawu zayo zixhaphake ngakumbi kuluntu.
Nangona kuLamarck ulandelelwano lweziganeko luya kuba: utshintsho kwindalo → umkhwa omtsha → ukuguqulwa kwamalungu omzimba → ilifaKuDarwin, umyalelo uthi: iinguqulelo zangaphambili ezizuzwa njengelifa → ukukhethwa ngokwendalo → ukusinda okwahlukileyo.
Ngokwemiba yesicwangciso, umahluko obalulekileyo ngulo:
- Umthombo weenguquKwiLamarck, utshintsho lwenziwa kukusetyenziswa okanye ukungasetyenziswa ngexesha lobomi bomntu; kwiDarwin, zivela kwi iinguqulelo ezingacwangciswanga zelifa ikhona ukususela ekuzalweni.
- IlifaUbuLamarckism buthi iimpawu ezifunyenweyo inokufunyanwa njengelifa; imfundiso kaDarwin yakudala, kamva exhaswa yimfuza, ibonisa ukuba kuphela lutshintsho olukhoyo kwi iiseli zokuzalaayilotshintsho olusebenzayo okanye lwezihlunu kuphela.
- Utshintsho olukhokelayoKuLamarck, ugxininiso lukwi uphuhliso oludibeneyo lweqela ukuphendula kwimeko-bume; kuDarwin, isitshixo kukuba abantu abathile iphumelele kakhulu ngokuvelisa kwakhona nangokususa abanye kancinci kancinci.
Nangona kukho la mahluko, zombini ezi ngcamango zinento ebalulekileyo kwixesha lazo: ingcamango yokuba ukwahlukahluka kobomi kubangelwa iinkqubo zendalo yahlala ixesha elide, kwaye ayiveli kwindalo enye, engenakuguqulwa.
Ithini ithiyori kaLamarck ngokwebhayoloji yangoku?
Namhlanje, ithiyori kaLamarck ithathwa njenge imodeli yembali ephelelwe lixesha ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuqhubela phambili kwi-genetics kunye ne-molecular biology.
Okokuqala, kuyaziwa ukuba abantu ngabanye banomlinganiselo olinganiselweyo lungisa umzimba wakho Umzekelo, iintamo azindeli nje ngokuzolula, kwaye neengalo azitshintshi ngokwendalo ngokuphakamisa iintsimbi, ngaphaya kotshintsho olunokuguqulwa olufana nokwanda kwemisipha. ubunzima bemisipha.
Okwesibini, kubonisiwe ukuba iimpawu ezifunyenweyo ngexesha lobomi bomntu (njengobunzima bemisipha yejimu okanye isilonda) azidluliselwa ngqo kwinzala. Oko kuzuzwa njengelifa lulwazi oluqulethwe kwi I-DNA yeeseli zokuzalaKwaye olo lwazi alubhalwa ngokutsha ngokuzenzekelayo lutshintsho olufunyanwa ngumzimba.
Nangona kukho izinto ezifana nezi i-epigenetics okanye ugqithiso lwemfuza oluthe tye (kwiibhaktheriya nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo), ezibonisa ukuba okusingqongileyo kunokuphembelela ngokungathanga ngqo ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo, ezi nkqubo azihambelani nendlela yakudala yaseLamarckian "yokusetyenziswa nokungasetyenziswa" esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo.
Ngaphezu koko, uphando lwanamhlanje luchonge ii-genes ezinomsebenzi "qalisa ngokutsha"Iimpawu ezininzi ze-epigenetic zikho kwizigaba zokuqala zokukhula komntwana osandul' ukuzalwa, nto leyo ethintela utshintsho oluninzi olufunyanwa ngabazali ekulahlekeni." ilifa ngendlela ezinzileyo.
Ibhayografi kunye nelifa lobukrelekrele likaJean-Baptiste Lamarck
Isibalo sikaLamarck sibaluleka nangakumbi xa ubomi bakhe bujongwa ngokwengqondo yexesha lakhe. isazi ngendalo xa imbali yendalo yayigxile kakhulu hlela kwaye uchaze iintlobo ngeentlobo, ngaphandle kokubuza nzulu ngemvelaphi yazo okanye ubudlelwane bazo bokuvela kwezinto.
ULamarck wakhala ngelithi imbali yendalo yancitshiswa yathiywa amagama kwaye yalungelelaniswa nezinto eziphilayo.ifilosofi yezilwanyana"oko bekuya kuhlalutya uhlobo, i mvelaphi kunye Unxibelelwano phakathi kweentlobo zobomi. Le ndlela yamkhokelela ekubeni acebise ukuba indalo isebenza "ngokuzama nokwenza iimpazamo ngokulandelelana", ivelisa izinto eziphilayo ezintsonkothileyo ngakumbi kwiintlobo ezilula.
Nangona ithiyori yakhe yayi ugxekwa kakhulu Kwaye idla ngokuba yimifanekiso eqingqiweyo (umzekelo, ukuyinciphisa ibe yingcamango "yengalo yomkhandi wentsimbi" ezuzwe ngabantwana), ixesha liye lagqamisa indima yalo njenge uvulindlela wengcinga yokuzivelela kwezintoUmsebenzi wakhe waba nefuthe kwimeko-bume yesayensi apho uDarwin wayeza kusebenza khona kamva waza wanceda ekuqiniseni ingcamango yokuba ubomi bunobomi imbali eguquguqukayo emhlabeni.
Siyathemba ukuba olu ngeniso malunga Ingcamango kaLamarck yokuguquka kwezinto Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ulufumene luluncedo kwaye lukhanyisela. Ukuba ucinga ukuba lukuncede waqonda ngcono indaleko kunye nendima kaLamarck kwibhayoloji, nceda wabelane ngalo kwiinethiwekhi zakho zoluntu okanye ushiye uluvo; ukuphucula ingxoxo ngezi ngcinga zembali kuseyindlela entle yokufunda nokugcina umdla kwisayensi uphila.