Ingqondo yomntu lelona lungu liphucukileyo nelintsokothileyo kwindalo iphela. Ngaphandle kokuhambela phambili kwenzululwazi, sele siqalisile ukukrwempa ubukhulu bayo kunye namandla ayo. Ngokutsho kukaNjingalwazi uRafael Yuste, ochithe iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabini esebenza eUnited States, ingqondo yomntu inezinto ezifihlakeleyo ezinokuguqula amayeza nenzululwazi yemithambo-luvo. UYuste ukhokela enye yeeprojekthi ezinamabhongo ngeli xesha: imephu ebanzi yobuchopho bomntu, umzamo onokuthelekiswa nobukhulu kwiprojekthi yegenome yomntu.
Injongo yoku projekthi, yaziwa njenge Inyathelo leBRAIN, kukutyhila iimfihlelo zebhayoloji ezingemva kwezifo ezinjenge-Alzheimer's, schizophrenia, ukuxhuzula, kunye nezigulo ezahlukeneyo ze-neurodeergenerative. Ngokutsho kukaYuste, «Sinezigulana ezingqondweni eziphethwe ngukukhubazeka okanye izifo ze-neuropsychiatric. "Olu phononongo lungavula imida emitsha yonyango."
Umtsalane woBuchotho boMntu: Intsonkothe ngakumbi kunokuba sicinga
Nangona ingqondo yomntu kunye neyempukane okanye imbungu zifana ngendlela esisiseko yokusebenza kwazo, kukho umsantsa malunga nokuntsonkotha. Ingqondo yomntu imalunga I-86.000 yeebhiliyoni zee-neurons, ngamnye kubo usebenzisana malunga I-10.000 yoqhagamshelwano lwe-synaptic. Le lathisi ivelisa indibaniselwano enokwenzeka ngakumbi kuneenkwenkwezi ezikwindalo yonke eyaziwayo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe "yintsonkotha phakathi kweentsokolo."
UNjingalwazi uJohn Ngai, umlawuli we-BRAIN Initiative, wachaza ukuba ukuqonda le nqanaba lobunzima kubalulekile ekujonganeni nokuphazamiseka kwe-neurological. «Ubuchopho bomntu buntsonkothe ngokuphindwe ngesigidi kunobo bempukane yabantu abadala“Kodwa nokuba nemephu yokuntsokotha kwengqondo yempuku kuya kufuna iinzame ezinkulu,” utshilo. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuphambili, obufana ne-high-resolution electron microscopy kunye nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa.
Iprojekthi kunye neMpembelelo yayo yeHlabathi
Ukudalwa kwale mephu kubandakanya ukusebenzisana kwezazinzulu ezingaphezu kwe-100 ezivela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo kunye namazwe, kwaye iziphumo zilindeleke ukuba ziguqule imimandla efana neyeza, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye ne-neuroscience esetyenziswayo. Urhulumente waseUnited States, phantsi kolawulo lukaMongameli uBarack Obama, unike inkxaso ebalulekileyo kule projekthi, enikezela ngohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokuqala 2.300 million.
Ubungakanani bomceli mngeni buqondwa kakuhle ngokwazi ukuba inkqubela phambili yamva nje, efana nemephu yobuchopho yecubic millimeter yezicubu zomntu, ziveliswe ngaphezulu koku. Iipetabytes ezi-1,4 zedatha. Le "microscopic fragment" iqulethe iiseli ezingama-57.000, i-synapse yezigidi ezili-150 kunye ne-230 millimeters yemithambo yegazi.
Indlela Yethemba Kwizigidi
Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwale projekthi kuyathembisa. Ngokutsho kwesazi se-neuroscientist uGregory Jefferis, imephu eneenkcukacha inokuthelekiswa ne "Google Maps" yengqondo, inika inqanaba leenkcukacha ezibandakanya yonke into esuka kwi-neuronal connections to synaptic function. Olu hlalutyo luneenkcukacha lunika iindlela zokuqonda ukuba izifo ezinjenge-schizophrenia kunye ne-Alzheimer's zichaphazela njani iisekethe zobuchopho.
Umzekelo, abaphandi beprojekthi sele besebenzisa ezi ndlela zokujongana nezifo ezinqabileyo ze-neurological kwaye baqonde ubudlelwane phakathi kwengqondo kunye namava omntu. Zikwasetyenziselwa ukufumanisa iipateni ekwenziweni kwememori, ukuziphatha y ukucinga ngobuchule.
ILifa loVulindlela: uRamón y Cajal njengoMphefumlo
Le projekthi ifumana iingcambu zayo kumsebenzi wophumelele iBhaso leNobel yaseSpain uSantiago Ramón y Cajal, owathi ngenkulungwane ye-19 waguqula inzululwazi yemithambo-luvo yanamhlanje. Namhlanje, abaphandi banezixhobo eziphambili kakhulu, ezifana ne-brain organoids, ezinceda imodeli kunye nokuqonda uphuhliso kunye nesifo kumanqanaba angazange acinge ngaphambili.
Ikamva: Uphononongo kunye nezinto ezifunyenweyo
Inyathelo elilandelayo ekuqondeni ngokupheleleyo ingqondo yomntu iya kuba kukusetyenziswa kobukrelekrele bokwenziwa kudityaniswe nobunjineli bemfuza ukuhlalutya iipatheni zokuziphatha kwiimodeli zezilwanyana eziphambili. Kuyathenjwa ukuba oku kuya kuvumela ukuphuhliswa konyango olulungiselelwe ukuphazamiseka okufana ne-autism kunye ne-schizophrenia, ngokuchonga iiseli ezisengozini kwizigaba zokuqala zokuphuhliswa kwengqondo.
Ukongeza, umsebenzi sele uphefumlele amacandelo amatsha, afana ne "pathoconnectomics," ephonononga umahluko phakathi kweesekethe zobuchopho eziqhelekileyo kunye ne-pathological. Lo mzamo uya kufuna ukuqonda i iindlela ezenza amava omntu awodwa uze utyhile indlela elisebenza ngayo ngokwenene eli “lungu liyintloko”.
Le projekthi inika ithemba ngethemba labaguli abangaphezulu kwebhiliyoni emhlabeni abathwaxwa zizifo zemithambo-luvo. Luguquko lwezenzululwazi olungafuneki nje ukuqonda ingqondo yomntu njengomsebenzi wobugcisa, kodwa njengemephu eneenkcukacha ekhokelela uluntu kwizinto ezintsha ezizayo.