Umhlaba wasekwa kwiminyaka engama-4600 yezigidigidi eyadlulayo, kwaye kuyo yonke imbali yawo uye waguqula kwaye wenza uhlengahlengiso ngenxa yeziganeko ezahlukeneyo ezithi zenzeke ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi kwezinto zalo.
Xa sijonga ngeenxa zonke kuthi, sibona iintaba ezifanayo, iintlambo ezifanayo zobomi bethu bonke, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba lonke ixesha lihleli linje, ubuso bomhlaba buhlala butshintsha, nangona singenakukuqonda, kuba uninzi lolona tshintsho lwenzeka kancinci kancinci, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha utshintsho lunobundlobongela kwaye sinokubungqina ngokukhawuleza. Amandla aqala olu tshintsho kuqweqwe lomhlaba kunye nokumila kwawo kwaziwa njenge diastrophism, kwaye zenzeka njengendlela yokuba uqweqwe luzilinganise, kuba amasuntswana aphela kwenye indawo kufuneka abekwe kwenye, avelise ukutshona kwaye enze uxinzelelo olithoba oluzisa njengesiphumo sokuba enye indawo kumphezulu womhlaba iphakama.
Uncedo siseti yeefom ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu zejografi ezenza umhlaba kunye nomgangatho wolwandle, kwaye kubandakanya umahluko ekuphakameni kweendawo eziphakamileyo nezisezantsi zawo nawuphi na umphezulu.
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zoncedo
Iifom ezahlukileyo eziziswa ngumhlaba zimelwe sisiqabu kwaye le yahlulwe yangamaqela amabini amakhulu: Uncedo lwelizwekazi kunye noncedo lwaselwandle.
Uhlobo loncedo lwelizwekazi
El Uncedo kwilizwekazi. Yenziwe ngeemilo ezahlukileyo ezifumaneka kumazwekazi, oko kukuthi, umphezulu ovelayo womhlaba. Iifom zoncedo kwilizwekazi zingahlulwa zibengamaqela alandelayo:
- Imilomo. Ziindawo eziphakamileyo kakhulu, ezinokungalingani ngesiquphe okubonakaliswe kumathambeka amqengqelezi, iintlambo ezitshonileyo kunye neencopho ezincinci. Yinto eyamkelekileyo ukuba iintaba zineendawo eziphakamileyo ezingaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-600. Banikwa njengoluhlu lweentaba, amatyathanga kunye neCordilleras. Phakathi kweentaba zeentaba esinazo:
- I-Serranías. ISierra evela kulwimi lwesiLatin serra, sisiqwengana seentaba esithi, ngenxa yokuba zingaphakathi kwenye inkqubo enkulu yeentaba kwaye imigca yayo ineencopho ezaphukileyo okanye ezibonakalisiweyo, ngokubanzi inde kunobubanzi kwaye i-axis yayo esembindini ibizwa ngokuba yi-axis. imizobo.
- Amatyathanga. Ikwabizwa ngokuba ziintaba, igama layo livela kwisiLatin Catena, okuthetha ukulandelelana kwamakhonkco amanyene ngandlela thile. Ikhonkco leentaba luluhlu lweentaba ezidityanisiweyo kunye nolwandiso lwazo lukhulu kunoluhlu lweentaba.
- uhlobo lentaba Uluhlu lweentaba luthotho lweentaba ezidityanisiweyo. Olu luhlu lweentaba lwasekwa kwimida yelizwekazi ukusuka ekuqokeleleni kwezidumbu, kuba uxinzelelo olwenziwa luxinzelelo lwamva, lwavelisa iifolokhwe kwaye lwenza ukuphakama.
- Amacwecwe. Ziindawo eziphakamileyo kwifom ye-tabular, ebekwe ngaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-200 ukuphakama. Ziindawo eziphakamileyo ezinemiqolo ethe tyaba, yiyo loo nto zikwabizwa ngokuba ngamathafa. Zineempawu ezifanayo nezo zamathafa, kodwa zifunyenwe ngaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-600 zobude.
- I-Colinas Zizinto eziphakamileyo zomhlaba ezingaphantsi kwaye zingaphantsi kobunzima kunentaba. Zibekwe phakathi kweemitha ezingama-200 ukuya kuma-600 ukuphakama. Ngaphantsi ngokukhawuleza kwindalo. Ngokwesiqhelo zenza iindawo zokuhamba phakathi kweentaba namathafa, kwaye bahlala kumhlaba omkhulu ofanelekileyo wezolimo kunye nokwakhiwa kwamahlathi.
- Iintlambo Iintlambo ziindawo ekuhlala kuzo umlambo. Ngokwemvelaphi yazo, zii-glacial okanye fluvial.Iintlambo zemilambo zivela kukhukuliseko lomhlaba oluveliswa ngumlambo, yiyo loo nto zimxinwa kwaye zinzulu kwaye zinobume obungu "V". Kwelinye icala, iintlambo ezinomkhenkce zivela kukhukuliseko lomhlaba olwenziwe kukudlula komkhenkce, ngoko ke zibanzi, zinomgangatho othe tyaba kunye neprofayile emile okwe "U". Ukunkcenkceshela rhoqo kwezi ntlambo kuzenza zichume kakhulu.
Iindidi zoncedo lolwandle.
Uncedo lwaselwandle. Ithathelwa ingqalelo njengenxalenye yeli qela, ingubo yomhlaba efumaneka emazantsi olwandle. Ikwabizwa ngokuba sisixhobo solwandle, isiqabu emanzini okanye ulwandle. Ngaphakathi kokusekwa kolwandle esikufumanayo:
- Ishelfu yelizwekazi: Ngummandla womgangatho wolwandle okufutshane nonxweme. Yenziwe ngolwandiso olusicaba lobubanzi obukhulu okanye obuncinci ngokwemimandla kwaye inikezela ukonyuka okuncinci kubunzulu njengoko isuka kunxweme. Amanqanaba ayo aphakathi kwe-0 kunye ne-200 yeemitha ngaphantsi komphezulu wolwandle. Uninzi lwezityalo zaselwandle kunye neentlobo zezilwanyana zifumaneka kule ndawo.
- Ithambeka lelizwekazi. Kubandakanya ukwehla okubukhali okanye ukwehla phakathi kweshelfu yelizwekazi ukuya kumanqanaba aphakathi kwama-3000 kunye nama-4000 eemitha ubunzulu. Ngummandla wentlenga yethambeka, elawulwa ngumxhuzulane, ngakumbi yimisinga egeleza kwicala lesithambeka, ukuya emazantsi apho iintlenga zibekwe ngohlobo lweengqimba okanye umtya kwaye zivela kubalandeli bangaphantsi kwamanzi. (Ukuqokeleleka okumilise okwenziwe ngabalandeli kwiindawo ezinzulu zolwandle. Ithambeka, kunye neshelufu lelizwekazi, lihlala kwizigidi ezingama-78 zeekhilomitha zomhlaba, phantse ikota yolwandle.
- Izitya zangaphantsi kwamanzi. Ludandatheko olukhulu kumgangatho womhlaba wolwandle, kuhlala ulwandle ngokufanelekileyo iintlobo zoncedo ezisisiseko zezi zilandelayo:
- Amathafa enzonzobila. Iindawo ezibanzi ezithe tyaba ezakhiwe zizidalwa zelizwekazi.
- Imisele yolwandle Zinde kwaye zimxinwa ukudakumba, apho iipleyiti ze-lithosphere zitshatyalaliswa kukuthimba. Xa iipleyiti ezimbini zoqweqwe lomhlaba zingqubana, ipleyiti yolwandle, eyeyona inkulu kakhulu, ibekwe phantsi kwepleyiti yelizwekazi, engaphantsi kakhulu, inika imisele kunye neendawo zenyikima.
- Imimango yolwandle. I-Cordilleras eyakhiwe kumgangatho wolwandle ojikeleze ezantsi kolwandiso, xa amacwecwe amabini ahlukene, kuvuleka umsantsa apho izinto zemagnethi zikhuphuka kunye nolingano oluba liziko lwenziwa kumacala omabini embindi yentsimbi. Kule miqolo kukho, ke ngoko, intaba-mlilo enkulu kunye nomsebenzi weenyikima.
- Iintaba zoLwandle. Iinduli ze-volcanic kunye ne-guyots: Iindawo eziphakamileyo zonyusa ulwandle, imvelaphi yentaba-mlilo efikelela kwiimitha ezili-1000 ngaphezulu ngentla apha. Iinduli zentaba-mlilo Ziyafana neentaba zolwandle, kodwa ukuphakama kwazo kungumyinge wamakhulu amabini anamashumi amahlanu eemitha. Abafana Ziyi-cones encinci ye-volcanic (ethe tyaba-phezulu.)
Ulwahlulo ngokwemvelaphi yalo
Ukungalingani koncedo lomhlaba welizwekazi kubangelwe, ngokuyinxenye, kukusebenza kwemikhosi engapheliyo, ezona zibonakaliso zicacileyo zezi diastrophism kunye nentaba-mlilo. Iseti yeenkqubo ezivelisa le mikhosi ibizwa ngokuba tectonism. Umsebenzi weTectonic unika uhlobo loncedo olwaziwa njenge isiqabu sesakhiwo.
Ukongeza kwimikhosi yokuphela komhlaba ekwenziweni koncedo lomhlaba welizwekazi, iinkqubo zangaphandle ezinje ngemozulu, ukhukhuliseko kunye nentlenge ziyangenelela, ziqhutywa ngamandla elanga. Enkosi kwezi nkqubo, Uncedo lwebakala.
Ubume besiqabu buxhomekeke kuhlobo lwayo nakwisakhiwo sayo: ,sisiphumo semikhosi engapheliyo; ngokuchasene noko ukukhukuliseka komhlaba kubandakanya iimilo ezingezizo ezobume eziyimveliso zokwenza imodeli
Ukwahlulahlula isiqabu sesakhiwo
Uncedo lolwakhiwo kunokubonakala iindidi ezintathu eziphambili:
Cratons ziinxalenye ezizinzileyo zamazwekazi, zizinto zamandulo zamazwekazi. Ngokusisiseko zenziwe likhaka kunye nolwandiso olungcwatyelwe phantsi olubizwa ngokuba yiplinth okanye iqonga.
Iintaba kunye nezixhobo zetectonic. Ezi ziveliswe yi-orogenesis, eyinkqubo yokwakheka kweentaba, ngamaqhekeza okanye iimpazamo kunye nokunyakaza kwe-epirogenic, ukunyusa kunye nokuntywila kokuhamba komhlaba.
Iintaba nezinye iingozi yenziwa kukuqokelelwa kwamatye anyibilikileyo (lava) anyuka ngokuqhushumba okuvela ngaphakathi kwi-lithosphere.
Ukwahlulahlula isiqabu esingelolwakhiwo
Inye inemvelaphi yayo sisenzo samandla angaphandle okanye angaphandle abizwa ngokuba kukuthambeka okuphikisana namandla endo avela kwitectonism. Le mikhosi ithambekele ekunciphiseni iingozi okanye isitenxo kumphezulu obangelwe yitectonism.
Imikhosi yokuthambeka imvelaphi yayo ivela kwi-hydrosphere (imilambo, amaza, amaza, amaza olwandle) kwi-cryosphere (umkhenkce omkhenkce), emoyeni (umoya) nakwi-biosphere (izilwanyana nezityalo) Ezi arhente zithatha amandla azo elangeni kwaye wenze ngomxhuzulane.
Imikhosi yokuthambeka ibonakaliswa ziinkqubo ezintathu eziphambili:
ImozuluInkqubo apho amatye achithakala inyibilikiswa yimikhosi yamandla angaphandle.
Ukhukuliseko lomhlaba. Iseti yeenkqubo zokumodareyitha umphezulu womhlaba ziiarhente zendalo ezinje: ngamanzi, umkhenkce nomoya, kubandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwezinto kodwa ingekho kwimozulu.
Intlenge: ukubekwa kwezinto ezinamatye ezisetyenzisiweyo kukhukuliseko, zaqhekeka zaza zarhuqwa ziiarhente ezinjengemilambo, amaza, umoya, iiglasi zomkhenkce, kunye nokuqokelelwa kwezinto eziphilayo okanye izinto zemichiza.
Enkosi ngentsebenziswano yakho kumdla wethu wokufunda