Iintlobo zoncedo kunye neempawu zazo: umhlaba kunye nolwandle, ukwakheka kunye neenkqubo

La Umhlaba Yasekwa kwiminyaka eyi-4.600 yeebhiliyoni eyadlulayo, kwaye kuyo yonke imbali yayo ibisoloko ukuguqula kwaye kutshintshwe izinto ezibangelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo ezenzeka ngenxa yokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto zayo.

Xa sijonga macala onke, sibona iintaba ezifanayo, iintlambo ezifanayo esizaziyo ubomi bethu bonke; nangona kunjalo, oko akuthethi ukuba bezisoloko zinjalo. ubuso beplanethi Ihlala itshintsha, nokuba asikwazi ukuyibona, kuba uninzi lwaloo tshintsho lwenzeka kancinci kancinci, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha utshintsho luba lukhulu ezinobundlobongela kwaye singazibonisa ngokukhawuleza.

Amandla abangela olu tshintsho kwi Uqweqwe lomhlaba kwaye bayimodeli baziwa ngokuba i-diastrophismkwaye zenzeka njengendlela yokuba uqweqwe ngokwalo luzilinganisele, kuba amasuntswana agugayo kwindawo enye kufuneka abekwe kwenye, nto leyo evelisa ukucwila kwaye idale uxinzelelo olutsha olubangela ukuba enye indawo yomphezulu woMhlaba inyuke.

Uncedo yiseti yezinto ezahlukeneyo iimpawu zejografi kunye neengozi ezibumba umphezulu woMhlaba kunye nomgangatho wolwandle, kwaye ziquka umahluko ekuphakameni phakathi kwamanqaku aphezulu naphantsi awo nawuphi na umphezulu.

Yintoni isiqabu kwaye kutheni sibaluleke kangaka?

Ngokwembono yendawo, ulwahlulo luseti ukuphakama kunye nokudodobala Oku kubonakala kumphezulu woMhlaba, kumazwekazi nakwindawo engaphantsi kolwandle nasezantsi kolwandle. Oku kungaguquguquki kunokuba lula kakhulu, njengakwiindawo ezithe tyaba, okanye kube ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, njengakwiindawo eziphakamileyo zeentaba kunye nemisele yolwandle enzulu kakhulu.

Kwijografi yefiziksi kunye nejografi, ulwahlulo luthathwa njengolu isiphumo esibonakalayo ukusuka ekudibaneni kweentlobo ezimbini eziphambili zeenkqubo:

• Iinkqubo zendalo (ngaphakathi), ezinxulumene namandla asebenza ngaphakathi kwiplanethi, njengokushukuma kweeplate ze-tectonic, i-volcanism kunye neentshukumo ze-seismic.
• Iinkqubo zangaphandle (yangaphandle), edibene nentshukumo yemozulu, amanzi, umoya, umkhenkce, umxhuzulane kunye nezinto eziphilayo, eziguguleka, zithuthe kwaye zibeke izinto ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Ukuncedakala kubalulekile kuba:

• Iyayitshintsha kwaye ibeke iimeko mozulu yommandla (ubushushu, imvula, imimoya).
• Ichaphazela i ukusasazeka kwezityalo nezilwanyanaukudala iinkqubo eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu.
• Imisela iimpawu ezininzi ze imbonakalo yomhlaba, yokusetyenziswa komhlaba kunye nemisebenzi yabantu (ezolimo, imfuyo, imigodi, ukhenketho).
• Kubalulekile ukuqonda iingozi zendalo (iinyikima, ukubhidlika komhlaba, izikhukula, ukuqhuma kweentaba-mlilo).

Ngaphandle kwejografi, igama elithi relief likwasetyenziswa kwi- ubugcisaIngakumbi kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye noyilo lwezakhiwo, eli gama libhekisa kwindlela apho imifanekiso okanye iifom ziphuma kumphezulu othe tyaba, zenze isiphumo somthamo kunye nobunzulu. Nangona kukusetyenziswa okwahlukileyo kwale ngcamango, babelana ngengcamango ye umphezulu ongaqhelekanga kunye neenxalenye eziphumayo okanye ezitshonayo.

Iimpawu ngokubanzi zokukhululeka koMhlaba

Kwihlabathi liphela, ummandla woMhlaba ubonisa iintlobo ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa uneentlobo ezahlukeneyo Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezinceda ukuyiqonda ngcono:

• Nguye iziphumo zeenkqubo zejoloji ezisebenza ngokuqhubekayo kwizigidi zeminyaka.
• Unokuba izizathu zendalo (iintshukumo ze-tectonic, i-volcanism) okanye izizathu zangaphandle (ukukhukuliseka komhlaba, ukuwohloka komhlaba, ukonakala komhlaba).
• Ihlulwe ngokwe uncedo lwelizwekazi (wavela) kwaye isiqabu solwandle (intywiliselwa phantsi kweelwandle kunye neelwandle).
• Izibonakalisa ngayo Ukudakumba (iintlambo, izitya, imisele) okanye iindawo eziphakamileyo (iintaba, iinduli, imiqolomba ephakathi kolwandle).
• Ikhona kulo lonke umphezulu weplanethi, kokubini apho sibona khona umhlaba owomileyo naphantsi kwamanzi.
• Guqula i imozulu yengingqiezichaphazela ubushushu, iipatheni zomoya, kunye nokusasazeka kwemvula.
• Ifundwa ikakhulu yi i-geomorphology kunye umzoboamasebe ejografi.
• Ingahluka ngenxa ungenelelo lomntu (imigodi, imisebenzi yeziseko zophuhliso, uphuhliso lwezixeko), nto leyo edala iimo zomhlaba ezihambelana nemvelaphi yabantu.
• Ichaphazela yokuphila yabemi: akufani nokuhlala kwindawo etyebileyo njengakwintaba ephakamileyo okanye kwintlango yeenduli.

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zoncedo

Iintlobo ngeentlobo zemilo yoMhlaba zimelwe yi hlaziya kwaye oku kwahlulwe kumaqela amabini aphambili: uncedo lwelizwekazi kunye isiqabu solwandle.

Umthombo welizwekazi: inkcazo kunye neefom eziphambili

El uncedo lwelizwekazi Yenziwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ezifumaneka kwi amazwekaziOko kukuthi, kumphezulu ovele kwi-crust yoMhlaba. Iquka yonke into ukusuka kwiintaba eziphakamileyo ukuya kumathafa amakhulu, kuquka amathafa, iintlambo, neenduli, phakathi kwezinye iintlobo zeempawu zejografi.

Iimo zomhlaba zelizwekazi zingahlulwahlulwa zibe ngamaqela alandelayo asisiseko:

• IintabaZenza iindawo zezona ndawo zibalaseleyo phezulukunye notshintsho olukhulu ekuphakameni, olubonakala kwiinduli ezinde, kwiintlambo ezinzulu, nakwiincopho ezincinci. Kuyavunywa ngokubanzi ukuba iintaba zinobude obungaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-600 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Zivezwa njenge iintaba, padlock y iintabaPhakathi kweentlobo zeentaba esinazo:
• IintabaISierra, livela kulwimi lwesiLatini iseraYinxalenye yeentaba ezakha inxalenye yenkqubo enkulu yeentaba kwaye umgca wazo oneemilo ezifanayo isarhaIqhekekile okanye ityebile kakhulu. Idla ngokuba nde kunokuba ibanzi kwaye i-axis yayo ephakathi ibizwa ngokuba i-orographic axis.
• AmatyathangaEkwaziwa ngokuba ziintaba ngentsingiselo ebanzi, igama lazo livela kwisiLatini ikatioko kuthetha ulandelelwano lweekhonkco ezidityanisiweyo ngandlela thile. Uluhlu lweentaba luludwe lweentaba zidibene kunye kwaye ububanzi bawo bukhulu kunobo beentaba.
• CordilleraUluhlu lweentaba luluhlu olukhulu lweentaba oludibeneyo nolunwenwela kumakhulu okanye amawaka eekhilomitha. Olu luhlu lweentaba lwenziwe kwimida yelizwekazi okanye kwiindawo zokungqubana kweeplate. ukuqokelelwa kunye nokuguqulwa kweenkunkumaUxinzelelo oluvela ecaleni luvelise imigobo kwaye lwavelisa ukuphakama esikubonayo namhlanje.

Iintaba, ukongeza kwimvelaphi yazo ye-tectonic ngenxa yokungqubana kweeplate, zinokuveliswa umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo xa ukuqokelelana kwezinto ezikhutshiweyo (i-lava, uthuthu, ii-pyroclasts) kwakha izakhiwo zentaba-mlilo eziziikhoni ezifikelela kubude obukhulu.

• amathafaEzi ziintaba eziphakamileyo ezimile okwetafile, ngokubanzi zifumaneka kwindawo ephakamileyo engaphezu kweemitha ezingama-200. Ziindawo eziphakamileyo ezineencopho. tyabayiyo loo nto baziwa ngokuba iindawo eziphakamileyo okanye amathafa aphezulu. Zineempawu ezifanayo namathafa, kodwa ziphezulu ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-600. Imvelaphi yazo inokunxulunyaniswa ukuphakama kwe-tectonic, ukuwohloka kweentaba zakudala okanye ukuqokelelwa kwezinto ezibangelwe yintaba-mlilo.
• I-ColinasEzi ziindawo eziphakamileyo zomhlaba ezisezantsi nezingenzima kangako kuneentaba. Ziphakathi kweemitha ezingama-200 ukuya kuma-600 ukuphakama kwaye zihlala zine amathambeka athambileyoZihlala zenza iindawo zokutshintsha phakathi kweentaba namathafa, kwaye zihlala kwiindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba ofanelekileyo... zolimo kunye nokusekwa kwe amahlathiKwezinye iimeko zikwabizwa ngokuba ziinduli okanye iinduli xa ubude bazo buphantsi kakhulu.
• IintlamboIintlambo zi ukudandatheka okude Ngokwesiqhelo zihlala umlambo okanye ziphakathi kweentaba okanye ezinye iindawo eziphakamileyo. Ngokwemvelaphi yazo, zinokuba ngumkhenkce okanye zi-fluvial.

Los iintlambo zomlambo Zivela ekukhukulisekeni okubangelwa ngumlambo ngokuhamba kwexesha; ngoko ke, zimxinwa kwaye zinzulu kwaye zinesimo esifana no-V. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iintlambo zomkhenkce Zivela ekukhukulisekeni okubangelwa kukudlula komkhenkce, ngoko ke zibanzi, zisezantsi zithe tyaba, kwaye zinesimo esifana ne-U. Ukunkcenkceshela rhoqo kunye nokuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma ezintlanjeni kuzenza zibe nkulu kakhulu. echumileyoNgoko ke, bathambekele ekugxileni kubemi babantu nakwimisebenzi yezolimo.

Ezinye iimo zomhlaba ezifanelekileyo nazo ziyaqwalaselwa ngaphakathi koncedo lwelizwekazi, ezifana amathafa, Las Ukudakumba kunye iindunduma, nto leyo eyandisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zeendawo zomhlaba.

• AmathafaZiindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba tyaba kunye ukuphakama okuphantsiamathambeka athambileyo kunye nokungahambi kakuhle okuncinci. Amathafa amaninzi avela ekuqokeleleni intlenga zithuthwa yimilambo, ulwandle, okanye ngumoya, njengeendawo ezikhukulayo okanye iindawo ezisemacaleni onxweme. Ezi ndawo zihlala zifanelekile kakhulu kwezolimo kunye nokusekwa kwamaziko amakhulu abantu.
• ukudakumbaZiindawo zejografi ezikwindawo eyona ngongoma isezantsi kuneendawo ezingqongileyo. Zisenokuba ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle (ii-absolute depressions) okanye iindawo ezitshone nje xa kuthelekiswa neendawo ezingqongileyo. Imvelaphi yazo isenokuba yi-tectonic, i-erosive, i-volcanic, okanye inxulunyaniswa neempembelelo ze-meteorite.
• IindundumaNangona xa sithetha ngoncedo sicinga kakhulu ngamatye, iinduli zentlabathi luhlobo loncedo oludalwa ukuqokelelwa kwesanti Zibunjwe ngumoya. Zinokufumaneka kwiintlango, elunxwemeni, okanye kwiindawo ezinamathafa amakhulu anesanti. Zi... ngamandla, ekwaziyo ukuhamba nokutshintsha imilo ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yentshukumo yomoya.

Iintlobo zoncedo oluselunxwemeni ngaphakathi kummandla welizwekazi

Kwindawo yoqhagamshelwano phakathi ilizwekazi kunye umtshato oko kuthiwa udonga oluselunxwemeniequka iintlobo ngeentlobo zeendlela ezilawulwa ngumphakamo wolwandle, uhlobo lwamatye, amandla amaza kunye neentshukumo ze-tectonic.

Ezinye zeendlela eziphambili zoncedo oluselunxwemeni zezi:

• IilwandleEzi ziindawo ezithe tyaba ezikwinqanaba lolwandle, ezenziwe kukuqokelelana enkundleniEzi ziingceba zelitye ezibunjwe yintshukumo yamaza kunye nemisinga yolwandle. Zimela indawo yokutshintsha phakathi kwelizwekazi kunye nemimandla yolwandle.
• AmawaZizindlebe kakhulu ngequbuliso okanye iindonga eziphantse zime nkqo apho umhlaba uwela khona ngokukhawuleza elwandle. Zenziwe kukukhukuliseka kolwandle kwiindawo ezinamatye kwaye ziphawuleka amanxweme aphezulu.
• iintamboZiindawo zomhlaba ezizimeleyo iprojekthi eya elwandle ngaphaya komda jikelele wonxweme. Zihlala zenziwe ngamatye amelana nokukhukuliseka ngakumbi kuneendawo ezikufutshane.
• iindawoEzi ziindawo zokungena zolwandle elunxwemeni ezinonxweme oluthambileyo, zijikelezwe ngumhlaba kancinci. Zinkulu ngobukhulu, kodwa zincinci kune-golf. Ziyindawo efanelekileyo [kwemisebenzi/imisebenzi/njl. elandelayo]. ukuhamba kunye nokusekwa kwe kwiichweba.
• amagopheZiindawo ezinkulu zokungena elwandle kwilizwekazi, zingqongwe phantse ngumhlaba ngaphandle kwendawo evulekileyo elwandle. Zihlala zinkulu kuneengcango.
• OosingasiqithiZiindawo zomhlaba ezijikelezwe ngamanzi phantse kuzo zonke iicala, kodwa zidibene nomhlaba yi-isthmus. Zimele uhlobo lomhlaba olufikelela elwandle.
• ZiqithiZiziqendu zomhlaba ngokupheleleyo zijikelezwe ngamanziZinokuba nemvelaphi yentaba-mlilo, i-tectonic okanye i-sedimentary kwaye zivelisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoncedo (iintaba, amathafa, iintlambo).
• IiArchipelagosZiiqela okanye amaqela eziqithi ezikufutshane kwaye zihlala zinemvelaphi efanayo yejoloji.
• I-Cove okanye i-inletLiyindawo encinci yokungena elwandle elunxwemeni, edla ngokumila ngendlela setyhula okanye i-semicircular, ijikelezwe ngumhlaba ngaphandle komlomo omxinwa odibanisa nolwandle oluvulekileyo.
• AmachwebaIingingqi ezikwimilonyeni yemilambo emikhulu apho amanzi acocekileyo axubana khona namanzi anetyuwa. Zimile okwe... umsetyenzana kwaye zihlala ziindawo ezinobutyebi obukhulu bendalo.
• I-DeltasIindawo ezithe tyaba ezithi zenzeke emilonyeni yemilambo xa zibeka inkunkuma eninzi, nto leyo edala uthungelwano iziteshiimijelo yomlambo kunye neziqithi ezisezantsi.

Iintlobo zoncedo lolwandle

Uncedo lolwandle Ingubo yoMhlaba, elele ezantsi kweelwandle, ithathwa njengenxalenye yeli qela. Ikwaziwa nangokuthi isiqabu solwandle, isiqabu esingaphantsi kwamanzi o umgangatho wolwandleIthatha malunga ne-70% yomphezulu weplanethi, kwaye nangona ifihlakele phantsi kwamanzi, inezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo nezintsonkothileyo njengezo zingaphezulu kwamanzi.

Phakathi kweendlela ezimile ngayo umgangatho wolwandle esizifumanayo:

• Ishelufu yelizwekaziLe yeyona ndawo iphantsi kolwandle uninzi lwayo kufutshane nonxwemeIqulathe ububanzi obuthe tyaba obunobubanzi obahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kummandla, kunye nobunzulu obuncinci njengoko busasazeka kude nonxweme. Ubunzulu bayo buqala kwi-0 ukuya kwi-200 yeemitha ngaphantsi komphezulu wolwandle. Uninzi [lweentlobo ezingachazwanga] zifumaneka kule ndawo. iintlobo zezityalo zaselwandle kunye nezilwanyanangenxa yokukhanya kwelanga okuninzi kunye nokufumaneka kwezondlo.
• Ithambeka lelizwekaziImele ukwehla okukhulu okanye ukuhla phakathi kweshelufu yelizwekazi kunye nobunzulu bolwandle, ukuya kuthi ga kumanqanaba aphakathi kweemitha ezingama-3000 kunye nama-4000 ubunzulu. Yindawo ye ukuna kwenkunkumailawulwa ngumxhuzulane kunye nemisinga ehamba kwicala lethambeka le-embankment, ukuya ezantsi apho i-sediment ibekwe khona ngendlela yeengqimba okanye ii-strata kwaye ibangela iifeni zangaphantsi kwamanzi (Iingqokelelana zesanti ezimile okwefeni ezifikelela kwiindawo ezinzulu zolwandle). Ithambeka, kunye neshelufu yelizwekazi, ligubungela iikhilomitha zesikwere ezingama-78 ezigidi, phantse ikota yolwandle.
• Izitya zangaphantsi kwamanziZinkulu Ukudakumba phezu komgangatho womhlaba wolwandle, ohlala amanzi olwandle. Ngaphakathi kuwo, iintlobo ezininzi ezisisiseko zemilo yomhlaba ziyakhula:
• amathafa asezantsiZiindawo ezibanzi kakhulu tyaba ezihlala ziphakathi kweemitha ezingama-4000 ukuya kuma-6000 ubunzulu. Zenziwa kukuqokelelwa intsalela yemvelaphi yelizwekazi kunye nezilwanyana zaselwandle ezizalisa ukungalungelelani kwezantsi.
• Imisele yolwandleZiindawo ezinde nezimxinwa apho iiplate ze-tectonic zidibana khona. lithosphere zitshatyalaliswa yi ukuthobaXa iiplate ezimbini zetectonic zingqubana, iplate yolwandle, exineneyo, ityibilika phantsi kweplate yelizwekazi, engaxineneyo kangako, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho imisele neendawo ezixakekileyo. umsebenzi wenyikima kunye nentaba-mliloEzi zezona ndawo zinzulu kakhulu zolwandle.
• Iinduli zaselwandle oluphakathiZinde iintaba ezingaphantsi kwamanzi Iingqukuva eziphakathi kolwandle zenziwa kumgangatho wolwandle zijikeleze iziko elisasazekayo. Xa iipleyiti ezimbini zahlukene, kuvuleka umngxuma apho i-magma iphakama khona, iqina ukuze kudalwe umgangatho omtsha wolwandle kumacala omabini e-axis. Ezi ngqukuva ke ngoko zinomqolo omkhulu umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo kunye nowenyikimaUkuphakama kwazo kunokuba ngaphezulu kunokweentaba ezininzi zelizwekazi, nangona zihlala zingaphantsi kwamanzi.
• Iintaba-mlilo, iinduli zentaba-mlilo kunye nee-guyotsIintaba zeSeamount ziintaba eziphakamileyo ezisemanzini olwandle mlilo ezifikelela kwiimitha ezili-1000 ngaphezu kolwandle. iinduli zentaba-mlilo Zifana neentaba zaselwandle, kodwa ubude bazo obuqhelekileyo bumalunga neemitha ezingama-250. abafana Ziikhowuni zentaba-mlilo ezinqunqiweyo ezineencopho ezithe tyaba, ezakha njengeentaba-mlilo zasemanzini okanye iziqithi ezathi kamva zatshatyalaliswa zaza zatshona kancinci.

Ukukhululeka kunye nemozulu: ubudlelwane obusondeleyo

Uncedo kunye mozulu Ezi zizinto ezimbini ezingasahlukanisekiyo kuyo nayiphi na indawo yomhlaba. Imilo kunye nokuphakama komhlaba kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo lobushushu, la Uxinzelelo lomoyaukusasazwa kwe imvula kunye ulawulo lomoya yommandla.

Njenge ukuphakamaUbushushu bomoya buthanda ukwehla, njengoko kunjalo nangoxinzelelo lomoya kunye nokufumaneka ioksijiniYiyo loo nto kuqhelekile ukuzifumana kwiincopho zeentaba. nieve kunye nomkhenkce ohlala uhleli, nokuba iindawo ezikufutshane ezisezantsi zinemozulu efudumeleyo okanye efudumeleyo.

Iintaba nazo zisebenza njenge izithintelo ngenxa yomoya omanzi ovela elwandle. Xa le mimoya ifumileyo idibana neentaba, inyanzelwa ukuba inyuke, iphole, umswakama uyaqina, kwaye amafu ayenzeka. imvula ye-orographic Kwithambeka elijonge ngasemoyeni (elo lamkela umoya). Kwithambeka elijonge ngasemoyeni, umoya uyehla, ufudumale, kwaye ulahlekelwe bumswakama, nto leyo edala iindawo ezifudumeleyo. yomile ezinokuthi zibe ngathi yintlango. Le nto yaziwa ngokuba isiphumo somthunzi wemvula.

Kwakhona udonga oluselunxwemeni Iyayiguqula imozulu: ii-bays kunye nee-gulfs zinokunceda ukwakheka kwemimoya yolwandle, ngelixa amawa kunye neentaba zitshintsha ukujikeleza kwemimoya kunye nemisinga yolwandle kufutshane nonxweme.

Ngoko ke, ukuqonda iintlobo zoncedo kunye neempawu zazo kusenza sikwazi ukuchaza ukuba kutheni iindawo ezithile zinezinto imozulu efumileyoeyomileyo, ebandayo okanye eshushu, kwaye kutheni ezinye iindawo eziphilayo zikhula kuphela kwiindawo ezithile eziphakamileyo.

Yintoni ebangela iimo zomhlaba: iinkqubo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle

Iintlobo zomda woMhlaba azimi ndawonye, ​​kodwa ziziphumo ze-a ibhalansi enamandla phakathi kweenkqubo ezakha isiqabu (endogenic) kunye neenkqubo ezisichithayo nesisenza sibe yimbumba (engaphandle).

• Iinkqubo zendaloEzi zezo zenzeka kwi ngaphakathi komhlabaIntshukumo kunye nokungqubana kwe iiplate zeetectonic Intaba-mlilo yeyona nto iphambili ebangela ukwakheka kweendawo ezifana neentaba, iintaba, iindawo ezibuthathaka, imisele yolwandle, kunye neenduli eziphakathi kolwandle. Intaba-mlilo ikwadala iikhowuni zentaba-mlilo, iithafa ze-lava, kunye neentaba ezingaphantsi kwamanzi.
• Iinkqubo zangaphandleAba ngabo benza ngokwemigaqo umphezulu womhlabaamandla elanga kunye nomxhuzulane. Phakathi kwazo kukho yemozulu, la Ukhukuliseko lomhlaba kunye intlenga, eziguqula indawo eyayisele ikho, imithambeka egudileyo, zigrumbe iintlambo kwaye zizalise izitya.

Ukukhululeka kwangoku koMhlaba, ke ngoko, sisiphumo sokwakhiwa kwe-tectonic kunye ne-volcanic kunye nemodeli yokukhukuliseka kunye ne-sedimentary esebenza rhoqo.

Uhlu loncedo ngokwemvelaphi yalo: ulwakhiwo kunye nohlengahlengiso

Ukungalingani koncedo lomhlaba welizwekazi kubangelwa, ngokuyinxenye, yintshukumo yamandla indalo, ezona zibonakaliso zicacileyo zezi i-diastrophism kunye intaba-mliloIseti yeenkqubo ezivelisa la mandla ibizwa ngokuba itektonimUmsebenzi weTectonic ubangela uhlobo loncedo olwaziwa ngokuba ukwakhiwa kolwakhiwo.

Ukongeza kumandla endalo, ezinye iinkqubo ziyabandakanyeka ekudalweni kweemeko zomhlaba zelizwekazi. ngaphandle ezifana nokuguguleka kwemozulu, ukukhukuliseka komhlaba, kunye nokwanda kwenkunkuma, okubangelwa ngamandla elanga. Ngenxa yezi nkqubo, uncedo lokufumana amanqaku aphezulu, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-non-structural relief.

Ubume bomqadi buxhomekeke ekubeni iGenesis yeyakhe isakhiwo: i ukwakhiwa kolwakhiwo Sisiphumo esithe ngqo samandla endalo kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwangaphakathi kwamatye, ngelixa ukukhukuliseka komhlaba okanye uhlengahlengiso luquka iifom ezingezizo izakhiwo eziyimveliso yomzekelo womphezulu ziiarhente zangaphandle.

Ukwahlulahlula isiqabu sesakhiwo

Kulo ukwakhiwa kolwakhiwo Iindidi ezintathu eziphambili zingahlulwa:

CratonsZiinxalenye ezithile izinzile yezizwekazi, ii-cores zakudala zoqweqwe lwelizwekazi ezingachaphazelekanga kangako yi-tectonics yakutshanje. Zenziwe ngokuyintloko yi- escudo (iindawo apho amatye akudala ekristale aphuma khona kumphezulu) kunye nendawo engaphantsi komhlaba efihliweyo eyaziwa ngokuba yi isokisi okanye iqonga, elihlala ligutyungelwe ziintsalela ezincinci.

Iintaba kunye nezakhiwo ze-tectonicEzi ziveliswe yi- Orogenesis, eyinkqubo yokwakheka kweentaba ngokugoba, ukuphosa, ukutyhala kunye iintshukumo ze-epeirogenic (ukunyuka nokwehla kweebhloko ezinkulu zomphezulu woMhlaba). Iintaba ezinkulu, iibhloko eziphakanyisiweyo (iihorst), kunye nee-tectonic rifts (iigrabens) zimizekelo yolu hlobo lokukhululeka.

Iintaba kunye nezinye iimpawu zentaba-mliloEzi ziifom eziveliswa kukuqokelelwa kwelitye elinyibilikisiweyo (Ingcakunye nezinto eziphuma kwi-pyroclastic eziphuma kwiinduli ezivela ngaphakathi kwi-lithosphere. Ziquka mlilo ulungelelwaniso oluzimeleyo lwentaba-mlilo, iintaba ze-basalt kunye neentaba zaselwandle, phakathi kwezinye.

Uhlu lwendlela yokunciphisa ulwakhiwo okanye uhlengahlengiso olungelulo ulwakhiwo

El ulungiso olungelulo ulwakhiwo Yiloo nto ivela kwisenzo samandla ngaphandle okanye engaphandle, ekwabizwa ngokuba gradaciónezichasene namandla endalo avela kwi-tectonics. La mandla adla ngokwenza nciphisa iingozi zomphezulu okanye ukungalungelelani okubangelwa yi-tectonism, ukuthambeka okuthambileyo kunye nokuzalisa imingxunya.

Amandla okukhula kwezikhundla avela kwi i-hydrosphere (imilambo, amaza, amaza olwandle, imisinga yolwandle), kwi i-cryosphere (iiglacier), kwi iatmosfera (imimoya) nakwi indalo (izilwanyana, izityalo, kunye nemisebenzi yabantu). Ezi arhente zifumana amandla azo ngokuyintloko kwi Sol kwaye benza ngoncedo lwe umxhuzulane.

Amandla okukhula ngokwezigaba azibonakalisa ngeenkqubo ezintathu eziphambili ezinxulumeneyo:

Imozulu: inkqubo apho amatye asetyenziswa khona qhekeka okanye ndiyazi nyibilikisa ngokusebenzisa amandla angaphandle (utshintsho lobushushu, amanzi, umkhenkce, iityuwa, iingcambu zezityalo, iintsholongwane). Ilungiselela izinto ukuze zikwazi ukuthuthwa kamva.

Ukhukuliseko lomhlabaIseti yeenkqubo ze nxiba kunye nokubunjwa komphezulu woMhlaba zii-arhente zendalo ezifana namanzi, umkhenkce, nomoya, ezibandakanya ukuthuthwa kwezinto iguqukile, kodwa ayiziguquli ngokwayo. Inokuba yi-fluvial, yolwandle, yeqhwa, ye-aeolian, ye-pluvial okanye ye-mechanical, phakathi kwezinye, kwaye inoxanduva lokwakheka kweentlambo, ii-canyon, ii-rave, ii-reefs kunye nezinye iintlobo ezininzi zomhlaba ezincinci.

IntlengeUkungcola kukubekwa kwezinto ezikwilitye ezibunjwe kukukhukuliseka, eziqhekekileyo nezithuthwa ziiarhente ezifana nemilambo, amaza, umoya, okanye iiqhwa, kunye nokuqokelelwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezifileyo okanye izinto zeekhemikhali. Ukungcola kubangela... iindawo ezinezandyondyo zemvulaIidelta, iithafa zemilambo, amazantsi eebhesini kunye namathafa angaphantsi komhlaba, phakathi kwezinye iintlobo zomhlaba.

Xa zizonke, ezi nkqubo zangaphandle zibangela ukuba uncedo lube utshintsho oluqhubekayoNangona kunjalo, utshintsho ludla ngokuba lucotha kangangokuba, ngokwezinga lomntu, iindawo ezininzi zomhlaba zibonakala zingenakuguqulwa.

Qonda i iintlobo zoncedo kunye neempawu zazo Isenza sikwazi ukutolika ngcono iindawo ezisingqongileyo, sichaze ukusasazeka kwemozulu, umhlaba, iindawo ezihlala kuzo, kunye nezixhobo zendalo, kwaye siqonde neengozi ezinxulumene neentlobo ezithile zomhlaba. Yonke intaba, intlambo, ithafa, okanye umsele wolwandle sisiphumo sembali ende yejoloji eqhubeka nokuvela phantsi kweenyawo zethu naphantsi kwamanzi olwandle.