Iindidi zendlela

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba uthathele ingqalelo ukuba ukwenziwa kwendlela yophando kunxulunyaniswa kuphela nesayensi, nangona kunjalo, le nkolelo ngokubanzi ayilunganga kwaphela, kuba kuwo onke amabakala apho kwenziwa khona isifundo, ukucwangciswa nokumiliselwa kwezenzo ezenziwayo, ivumela ukoneliseka kweenjongo ezibekiweyo. Ukuphuhliswa kwesifundo yinkqubo ebalulekileyo, ebangele ukuba ukwandisa ulwazi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ukusukela kwimiba yesayensi ukuya kwimiba yezentlalo. Ukuphanda kuthetha uphuhliso olunocwangco kunye nolucwangcisiweyo lophando ngokubhekisele kwinto okanye inyani, kulandela indlela yokusebenza ngokungqinelana nenjongo ekufuneka iphunyeziwe.

Lonke uphando lwenziwa ngokumiliselwa kwendlela enye, okanye iindlela ngeendlela, kwaye kuyagqitywa kwimpumelelo yayo ukuba ukhetho lwazo luhambelane neempawu zesifundo. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokusebenza kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo uhlobo lwesifundo ekufuneka senziwe kunye nenjongo ekufuneka iphunyeziwe, ukuze kuchazwe ezona mpawu zingqinelanayo eziqinisekisa ukuphumelela kophononongo, ukusuka apho iindidi ezininzi zeendlela ziye zafunyanwa.

Iindidi zeendlela zichazwa ngokujonga iimpawu zesifundo esenziweyo, injongo, uhlobo lwedatha eqokelelweyo, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo, kunye nophuhliso lwazo zonke, sisiphumo sesidingo sokuziqhelanisa nendlela kuphononongo olwenziwe, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwenziwa kwesifundo esiphumo sazo simele kwaye sihambelana nenyani ejikeleze ukukhula kwalo.

Indlela yokuqhubela phambili

Yeyiphi indlela yokunyanzela? Nabani na ofikelela kwizigqibo kodwa esekwe kwiingcinga kwaye ehlala esebenzisa ingqiqo. Ukusuka kwinto enokuthiwa ngayo yindlela eyisebenzisa iindawo ezithile ukufikelela kwisiphelo eso esiya kuba sendalo ngokubanzi. Yiyo loo nto isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimimandla yesayensi. Umzekelo?

  • Utata wabona impukane emnyama
  • Umama wabona impukane emnyama
  • Ndabona impukane emnyama.
  • Isiphumo ke siyakuba kukuba iimpukane zimnyama. Apho sinobuncwane okanye uphawu oluphambili lwendlela yokuqhubela phambili kwaye, isebenzisa indawo, ukufikelela kwisiphelo ngokubanzi.

Olunye uphawu lwale ndlela lusekwe kuphando, ngokusekwe kwiinyani eziphathekayo, njengoko sele sitshilo. Nangona zihlala zibhetyebhetye ngendlela ethile kwaye injongo yazo kukucacisa iithiyori ezithile kunye noqikelelo kwaye ziyaboleka kulingo. Ukufikelela kwisiphelo, kuyajongwa kuqala, emva koko kube namava, kuhlalutywe, kwaye kwenziwe umzekelo.

Isebenzisa ukusetyenziswa kwengqiqo ukuvelisa izigqibo ezichanekileyo malunga nomsitho, ukuqala kwiinyani ezamkelweyo njengezisemthethweni, ukufikelela kwizigqibo, isicelo sazo esiqhelekileyo, ukuqala ngophando lomntu ngamnye lwezibakala. Ngenxa yokuphunyezwa kwayo, kugqityiwe izigqibo ezigqityiweyo njengemithetho, imigaqo-siseko okanye iziseko zethiyori. Amanyathelo amane abalulekileyo anokuchongwa:

  • Ukujongwa kweziganeko kunye neziganeko, zobhaliso kunye nokuthathelwa ingqalelo
  • Ukuhlelwa kunye nokufundwa kolwazi olufunyenweyo, ukulungiselela ukuqhuba kohlalutyo.
  • La ukukhupha, ukuba kwiinyani zidibanisa izimvo ezizodwa, zikhokelela kwisizukulwana separadigms ezintsha.
  • Umahluko, okanye uthelekiso lweziphumo zohlalutyo.

Indlela yokutsala

iintlobo zeendlela

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo bafikelele kwizigqibo ezisengqiqweni. Isenokubakho ukusuka kwinto ngokubanzi ebhekisa kwimithetho, ngakumbi leyo ibandakanya iinyani eziphathekayo. Isiphelo siya kuba ngaphakathi kwendawo. Ingasetyenziselwa ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo. Eyokuqala izakusebenzisa indawo engavavanywanga, ngelixa yesibini izakusebenzisa indawo ezimbini, nengxelo yendalo iphela kunye nenye. Umzekelo?

  • Zonke iikati ziyabulala
  • Isilwanyana sakho sasekhaya siyikati
  • Isiphelo: Isilwanyana sakho sasekhaya siyabulala.

Le ndlela yokutsala ivela kumaGrike amandulo. Ukusuka ku-Aristotle ukuya kwi-Descartes nayo eyiphuhlisileyo ngaphandle kokulibala i-Spinoza okanye i-Leibniz.

Isekwe kusetyenziso lokuqiqa okuvakalayo ukuvavanya indawo echaza inkqubo. Ukusetyenziswa kolu hlobo lwendlela kunxulunyaniswa nokuthotyelwa kwezigwebo ezisekwe kwizikhundla ezamkelweyo jikelele nakwithiyori, ethi, nangona bengazichazi ngokunyanisekileyo ubudlelwane babo nesifundo sethu, ngokuhlalutya iimpawu ezifanayo esinokuthi simisele ibhulorho yokudibanisa phakathi kwamaqela omabini .

Ngokwasesikweni, ukuncitshiswa kunokuthiwa sisiphelo esigqibeleleyo kulandelelwano lweefomula. Umzekelo:

Makhe siqwalasele into A = 1 kunye nento C = 1. Ukuqala kuhlalutyo lokutsala sinokubonisa ukuba isekwe kule ngxelo A = C.

Amanyathelo:

  • Uphando lweefomula kunye neethiyori ezinxulunyaniswa ngokubanzi nento esiyifundayo.
  • Ukuqwalaselwa kwesenzeko esifundwayo, kunye nokudityaniswa kwedatha kunye nolwazi oluyimfuneko.
  • Uhlalutyo kunye nokuthelekisa ithiyori kunye nedatha eqokelelweyo.
  • Ukuvelisa ukuncitshiswa ngokusekwe ekuchongeni ii-theorems ngokubanzi ngeziganeko ezithile.

Indlela yohlalutyo

Imizekelo yeendlela

Iziqulatho ze hlukanisa okanye uhlukanise ube ngamalungu ukuba yonke into ofuna ukuyibuyisela umva. Ukusukela ngale ndlela unokuziqonda ngcono ngakumbi zonke izizathu zayo, kunye neziphumo, njl. Kuya kufuneka uyazi kakuhle into oza kuyifunda ukuze uyiqonde ngcono yonke into esiyibonayo kwaye isifihle. Kakade uhlalutyo lwamagama luvela kwisiGrike kwaye lunokuguqulelwa njengokubola.

  • Ukuba umntu ufuna ukwazi ukuba kutheni umntu eziphatha ngendlela ethile, kufuneka aphande kwaye asuse incasa, ubuntu, indlela yobomi nayo yonke into enokwenza ukuba loo mntu enze ngale ndlela.

Ke sinokuthi olona phawu lubalulekileyo kukufunda kunye nokujonga ukufikelela esiphelweni. Kodwa kuya kufuneka ukhumbule ukuba kuvulelekile ukuba ukwazi ukufumana ulwazi ngakumbi. Kuyinyani ukuba iimpazamo zingavela kodwa nezigqibo. Ke kuya kufuneka ulinde kancinci ukuzivala ngokupheleleyo, ukwazi ukutshintsha xa singalindelanga. Iisampulu okanye iimvavanyo zibaluleke kakhulu.

Yinkqubo yobume bokuqonda, obuhlala buqwalasele ngononophelo into yokufunda, ithathela ingqalelo ngokwahlukeneyo inxenye yelinye ukuze ifundwe ngokukodwa. Indlela yohlalutyo iphuhliswa ngokuchanekileyo nangokuqwalaselwa kweenkcukacha.

Amanyathelo okulandela:

  • Ukujongwa: Kuqulathe ukubonwa okunzulu kwezehlo, isiganeko okanye isiganeko esiphantsi kwesifundo, ukuze kufunyanwe ulwazi malunga nalo, oluxabisekileyo kuyilo lovavanyo kunye novavanyo lokuqokelelwa kwedatha.
  • Imibuzo: Ukuyilwa kwemibuzo malunga noko kujongiweyo, kuvumela ukuqhelaniswa nokubumba isifundo. Inomda wobubanzi bophando, kuthathelwa ingqalelo umba owenziwe ngaphambili.
  • I-Hypothesis: Inqanaba lesithathu linqanaba lokuyila i-hypothesis: ukuthatha yonke loo mibuzo ivele emva kokubona, umbono unokuphakanyiswa ochaza ngendlela ebanzi ngokubanzi.
  • Uvavanyo: Ukuphunyezwa kovavanyo olucingisiswe ngononophelo, ngokusekwe kulwazi oluqokelelwe kwinqanaba lokujonga, injongo kukuvavanya i-hypothesis ephakanyisiweyo.
  • Izigqibo: Iziphumo zovavanyo ziyahlalutywa kwaye izigqibo zitsaliwe, kweli nqanaba umphandi ufumanisa ukuba i-hypothesis ephakanyisiweyo yaqinisekiswa, okanye ukuba ngokuchaseneyo yakhatywa, ziziphumo zophando.

Indlela yokwenziwa

Isetyenziselwe ukwakha isiganeko kwakhona, kodwa rhoqo ngendlela ethile, ke ixhomekeke kolona lwazi luchanekileyo. Yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu kwisayensi, kuba eyona mithetho ngokubanzi ikhutshwa kuyo. Phakathi kweempawu zayo eziphambili sifumanisa ukuba yakhiwe ngokusekwe kulwazi. Kuba iyakuhlalutya kwaye inike ukukhanya kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zazo.

Inomanyano lwezinto ezisasazekileyo zento yokufunda ukuze uzifunde zizonke. Ngenxa yesicelo sayo, kunokwenzeka ukuseka, ukuqala kula macandelo, umxholo ngokubanzi kunye nesishwankathelo.

  • Ukusombulula imfihlakalo: Kuqala siqokelela imikhondo, sigcine imeko, indawo, abantu, sidibanise lonke ulwazi olufunyenweyo ukufumana isisombululo esisombulula imfihlakalo.

Isiphelo siyakuhlala sikukuphucula ukwenza kweyona ndlela ilungileyo, sifuna inyaniso. Kodwa ewe, usebenzisa ukudibanisa okanye ukubanakho ukushwankathela yonke le nto, ke ikwabandakanyiwe kuyo, ingqiqo. Sisebenzisa njani? Kuqala siyakubona, emva koko senze inkcazo, ukunikezela kuviwo lweenkcukacha zonke esijongileyo. Emva kokuyaphula, siyibhala kwakhona ukuze sigqibe.

Indlela yokuncitshiswa kwengqondo

Indlela yokutsala

Kuyatshiwo kwindlela enyanzela ukudibanisa Ukubonakaliswa kwengqiqo nenyani. Ke inamanyathelo amabini afuna amava kwaye amabini asengqiqweni. Yiyo loo nto, ukuba nolu lungelelwaniso, kufanele ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba kulandela inkqubo yokuqhubela phambili esekwe ekujongeni, kodwa ikwatsala nengxelo yeengcinga. Umzekelo:

  • Ukuqaphela: Sisifo esisasazeka phakathi kwabantu abasondeleyo.
  • I-Hypothesis: Indlela yosulelo inokuba ngamathontsi amathe.
  • Ukuncitshiswa: Inqanaba losulelo phakathi kwabantu abasondeleyo kunye namathe.
  • Uvavanyo: Ityala labantu abakwanti abanenxalenye engafaniyo iyafundwa.
  • UqinisekisoUkuqinisekiswa kwe-hypothesis phakathi kwabo bosulelekileyo

Inenkqubo eqala kwamanye amabango njengee-hypotheses kwaye ifuna ukuphikisa okanye ukuphikisa ezo hypotheses, ukucutha kubo izigqibo ekufuneka kujongwane nazo nenyani. Le ndlela inyanzela isazinzulu ukuba sidibanise ukubonakalisa okuqiqayo, (ngokwenziwa kweentelekelelo kunye nokuncitshiswa), ngokujonga inyani, eyaziwa ngokuba ngumzuzu wobungqina.

Amanyathelo:

  • Njengezinye iindlela, siqala ekuqwalaseleni into.
  • Ngolwazi olufunyenwe kwisinyathelo sokuqala, siqhubeka nokuseka i-hypothesis yokuchaza imeko.
  • Ukuncitshiswa kweziphumo okanye izindululo, ezisisiseko ngakumbi kune-hypothesis uqobo.
  • Ukungqinisisa ubunyani beengxelo ezigqityiweyo ngokuthelekisa amava kunye namava.

Indlela yokuthelekisa eyimbali

Le nkqubo ijolise ekucaciseni izinto zenkcubeko, ukumisela ukufana phakathi kwabo, oku kuguqulela kwisigqibo sesiphelo malunga nokuzalwa kwemfuza, okt imvelaphi yabo efanayo. Le yeyona ndlela ihlala isetyenziswa kwiminyhadala yentlalo, kwaye isekwe kuphononongo oluneenkcukacha, apho amandla okuhlalutya kunye nokuncitshiswa kufuneka abekhona ngalo lonke ixesha.

Izigaba okanye amanqanaba ayo:

  • UfundoXa izixhobo zichongiwe kwaye zinokusetyenziswa njengolwazi. Obu bungqina bunokuvela kwimithombo yamabanga aphantsi nasesekondari. Iipremari zibhekisa kumaxwebhu embali okanye asemthethweni. Ngelixa lokugqibela kuhlalutyo olwenziwa zizazinzulu okanye abantu abafanelekileyo.
  • UkugxekwaVavanya iifonti eziza kusetyenziswa. Nantsi yonke imibuzo eyimfuneko evela.
  • YindibaniselaIndlela eyenziwe ngumphandi enalo lonke ulwazi ukuze akwazi ukufikelela kwizigqibo.

Ukwazi amalungu ayo, akukho nto njengokuyisebenzisa ngokujonga umzekelo osebenzayo, ukuwaqonda:

  • Thelekisa iinkqubo zentlalo, ekuhambeni kwexesha.
  • Umkhondo wenxalenye yethiyori iyahlalutywa, ethi isebenzise ukumilisela iithiyori ezintsha.
  • Ungaseta isifundo kwinkampani yokuqala, kumnyhadala wenkcubeko ukusuka kwixesha elidlulileyo, kwaye uqaphele utshintsho kule minyaka idlulileyo.

Indlela yokuhambisa

Isekwe ekuqwalaselweni kweembono malunga nomsitho, ukuze kuvavanywe ngokunzulu ukuba yeyiphi eyona ilungele inkcazo yesenzeko sokwenyani, kolu hlalutyo ukuhlanganiswa kwengcamango. Le ndlela ibonakaliswa kwindalo iphela, kuba, ngokubanzi, isebenza kuzo zonke iinzululwazi nakuzo zonke iinkqubo zophando.

Ngendlela ebume ngakumbi, i ulwimi lwengingqi njengoko intetho apho umxholo wamkelwe njengoyinyani uchaseneyo, uqondwa njenge titshala; kunye nesampulu yeengxaki nokuphikisana okuqondwa njenge Ukuchasana. Ukusuka kolu ngxabano kuvela, kwingcinga yesithathu eyindibaniselwano, Isisombululo okanye ukuqonda okutsha kwengxaki.

Kucingelwa ukuba, kule nkqubo, ithisisi iyavavanywa ziimpikiswano zendalo ephikisanayo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, iparadigm entsha iyenziwa apho amaqela omabini ayebandakanyeka.

Ezi ndawo zintathu ziphambili zendlela yokudibanisa zezi:

  • IthisisiUkusuka apho kukho indlela yokufikelela kumxholo.
  • UkuchasanaUmbono ochasene noko kucetywayo
  • YindibaniselaIndibaniselwano ezimbini zokuqala ezaziwa njengesisombululo.

Omnye wemizekelo elula esinokuyibeka kolu hlobo lwendlela bubuso kunye nomnqamlezo wobomi esibuphilayo. Kuba abalungileyo nabangalunganga banolwalamano ngqo.

Iimpawu zendlela

Igama elithi indlela livela kwisiGrike "Iindlela", eliguqulwe ngokoqobo njenge: umendo okanye umendo, yiyo loo nto intsingiselo yawo, ibhekisa kwiindlela ezikhokelela kwimpumelelo. Ngokubanzi, sinokuthi indlela ibonakaliswa zezi zinto zilandelayo:

  1. Iphuhlisa iinjongo ezichazwe kakuhle.
  2. Izenzo zokucwangciswa zihamba phambili, kwaye akukho nanye yazo isebenza yodwa, kuba nganye iyinxalenye yesicwangciso, eyilelwe ukuvelisa umphumo omkhulu.
  3. Funa ukufumana ulwazi ngokunxulumene neziganeko, izehlo okanye iimeko zalo naluphi na uhlobo.
  4. Ibandakanya iindlela zokuqokelela ulwazi (idatha) oluhlengahlengisiweyo kuhlobo lofundo olwenziweyo. Umzekelo, ekufumaneni ulwazi lobuntu, akunakulunga ukukhetha ukwakheka kwemathematika yeziganeko, ngenxa yesi sizathu kukho umkhwa wokukhetha ukwenza uphando, okanye isixhobo esithile somgangatho.
  5. Inexesha lokuphumeza, eliyinto emiselweyo kucwangciso lwenkqubo.
  6. Imisebenzi yokwanelisa iinjongo ezibekiweyo yenziwa ngexesha elichaziweyo.
  7. Iindidi zeendlela zicinga ngokufezekiswa kweentlobo ezimbini zohlalutyo, kwaye kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zophando ezenziwayo.
  8. Le nkqubo yohlalutyo ithanda ukwenziwa kwezigqibo, ezivumela ukubonakaliswa kwento evavanyiweyo.

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