Kubalulekile ukuba sifunde ukuba nezakhono ezifunekayo ukuze sikwazi ukuphikisana nokukhusela izimvo zethu ngaphandle kokubhenela kwiingxoxo ezingezizo, yiyo loo nto kubalulekile ukuba wazi iintlobo zeengxoxo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu, ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda ngcono iinkqubo kunye nokusebenza kwazo ukuze ufumane ukusebenza kakuhle xa uxoxa.
Ukukhangela iyelenqe elifanelekileyo
Kucacile ukuba sonke sifuna ukuhlala silungile, kwaye inyani kukuba loo nto isenza ukuba sibhenele kuyo Amaqhinga angafanelekanga njengokusebenzisa ubuxoki, amagama aqhelekileyo, okanye ukubiza ngokubanzi ngokungxama ukuxhasa iingcamango zethu.
Ingxaki kukuba, xa sinengxoxo, sicinga ukuba lelona xesha kuphela apho enye yezi ngxoxo zimbini iya kuphumelela, ngoko ke senza konke okusemandleni ethu ukuba sibe ngabaphumeleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ingxoxo inokuba yindlela entle kakhulu funda ngesihloko esithetha ngaso, ukubona izikhewu kwiingcamango zethu nokuphucula iingcamango zethu.
Ngexesha lempikiswano siza kwazi ukuba amanqaku abuthathaka esinazo, esinokusebenza kuzo nzulu ngakumbi ukuze senze ingxoxo yethu ibe namandla. Oku kunokwenzeka kuphela ukuba siyiqonda kakuhle Zeziphi iintlobo zeengxoxo ezikhoyozeziphi ezinokuthenjwa ngakumbi, zeziphi ezikholisayo nje, kwaye zeziphi ezisikhokelela ngokuthe ngqo kumhlaba weempazamo.
Kwinqanaba lolwimi, xoxa Ibonisa izizathu zokuxhasa uluvo; oko kukuthi, inika izizathu ezichaza isizathu sokuba sikhusele ithisisi ethile kungekhona enye. Ukuxambulisana kuhlala kubandakanya:
- Omnye titshala okanye ingcamango ephambili esifuna ukuyikhusela.
- Uchungechunge lwe izizathu okanye ubungqina ezixhasa loo ngcamango.
- Un i-receptor, esifuna ukumkholisa okanye ubuncinane ukumenza acinge.
Iingxoxo zinokuba zivakala kancinci okanye kancinci, zibe nomtsalane kancinci okanye kancinci, zibe nengqondo engaphezulu okanye engakhethi cala. Ukuqonda iintlobo zazo kuya kusenza sikwazi khetha ngabom loluphi uhlobo lokuqiqa esiza kulusebenzisa kwimeko nganye (yezemfundo, yobungcali, yemihla ngemihla, yeemvakalelo, njl.njl.) kwaye luya kusinceda ukuba ukutyhila iingxoxo ezibuthathaka okanye ezikhohlisayo xa sibona kwiintetho zezopolitiko, kwiintengiso, kwimidiya yoluntu, okanye kwiincoko zemihla ngemihla.
Ezi ziindidi zeempikiswano ekufuneka uyazi
Okulandelayo, siza kukubonisa iintlobo zempikiswano ezibalulekileyo esinokuzigxininisa kuluntu lwanamhlanje, ngaloo ndlela siqonde isizathu sokuba siphikisana ngokwahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko. Ukongeza kwezo sele uzazi, siza kubandakanya ezinye iindlela zokwahlulahlula ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiitekisi zemfundo kunye nohlalutyo lwengcaciso yombhalo, ezifana... iingxoxo ezivela kwigunya, umzekelo, isizathu nesiphumo, amava, ukwenziwa ngokubanzi, ukufanekisa, ubungakanani kunye nomgangatho, phakathi kwezinye ezininzi.
Iimpikiswano eziqhutywa yidatha
Olu luhlobo lwengxoxo olugxila kuphela kwi idatha ethile neyokwenyani ezifunyenwe ngovavanyo, nokuba lolwethu okanye lolwabantu besithathu.
Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngenjongo ukuqinisa ingxoxo ngento ebizwa ngokuba yinkxaso enokuthenjwaEkubeni kukho izinto ezibonisa ubunyani, azinakuxoxwa ngazo ngaphandle kokuba ubunyani obahlukileyo bunokubonakaliswa ngokweembono.
Ezinye izinto ezinxulumene kakhulu nezi iingxoxo eziyinyani kunye iingxoxo ezinokwenzeka:
- Iingxoxo zenyaniZisekelwe kwi ubungqina obubonakalayoIziphumo zophando, uphando, imilinganiselo, izibalo ezicacileyo, njl. Umzekelo, "ngokutsho kophando olwenziweyo, ama-92% abathengi bakhetha ukusela isoda."
- Iingxoxo ezinokwenzekaBaxhomekeke kwi amathuba okanye iindlelaAbathethi nto ngokuqiniseka ngokupheleleyo, kodwa babonisa ukuba kusenokwenzeka kakhulu. Umzekelo, "isithathu sabantu asinayo i-intanethi, ngoko ke kusenokwenzeka ukuba abantu abaninzi baya kukhutshwa kwiinkonzo ezithile zedijithali."
Ezi ngxoxo, xa zenziwe kakuhle kwaye zisekelwe kwimithombo ethembekileyo, zihlala zinjalo ukukholisa kakhulu kwaye kunzima ukukuphikisa, kangangokuba zifikelela kwinqanaba lokuba ziingxoxo ezingenakuphikiswa ukuba ubungqina besayensi buqinile.
Iingxoxo zisekelwe kwiingcaciso
Kule meko, indlela yethu yokusebenza ayisekelwanga kwindlela elisebenza ngayo ihlabathi, kodwa isekelwe kwindlela indlela esisebenzisa ngayo ingcamango nganye Oko kukuthi, senza utoliko oluthile ngokusekelwe koko sikufundileyo kwindawo esikuyo.
Umzekelo, ukuba umntu uthi “kuphela into eboniswa kwimyuziyam bubugcisa,” uthetha ngokwendlela achaza ngayo “ubugcisa.” Olu hlobo lokuqiqa lunokuba lufanelekile okanye lungavumelekanga, kuba Ayixhaswa rhoqo ziinyanikodwa kwizivumelwano zolwimi nezenkcubeko ezinokuthi zahluke.
Iingxoxo, ngokwenkcazo, zixhaphake kakhulu kwi iingxoxo zefilosofiyokuziphatha okanye esemthethweni, apho intsingiselo echanekileyo yamagama anje ngala inkululeko, ubundlobongela, ukulingana, idemokhrasi, usaphonjl. Zikwavela nakwiingxoxo zemihla ngemihla xa umntu ezama "ukuphumelela" ingxoxo ngokubeka ingcaciso yakhe yegama eliphambili.
Iingxoxo zibhekisele kwiinkcazo
Ngokuphathelele iingxoxo ezisekelwe kwiinkcazo, besiya kuthetha ngokukhangela izinto ezahlukeneyo ezichazayo eziya kuba luncedo kuthi. ukukhusela ingcamango ethilekodwa rhoqo ngokwembono yokuchaza izinto eziyinxalenye yaloo ngcamango.
Umzekelo, ukuxhasa ingxoxo yokuba isixeko asinakuphilwa kuso, umntu angachaza Ingxolo engapheliyo, ungcoliseko, ukungabikho kweendawo eziluhlaza, ukuxinana kweemoto imihla ngemihlanjl. Ukuqokelelwa kwezi nkcazo kusebenza njengeseti yezizathu ezingacacanga ezikhokelela kwisigqibo.
Kwiitekisi ezininzi eziphikisanayo, into elungileyo inkcazelo ngokubanzi Idibanisa iingxoxo ezininzi zibe yinto enye, kwaye inceda umfundi ukuba abone imeko aze ayixabise ngendlela efanayo nendlela umthumeli ayixabisa ngayo.
Iingxoxo esekwe kuvavanyo
Le yingxoxo exhomekeke kwi amava enzeke kwindawo enye apho ingxoxo iqhubeka khonaukuze injongo ibe kukukhusela izimvo zomntu, kodwa ihlale igxile kuloo mava.
Kuqhelekile kakhulu kwiimeko zokufikelela kwimfundo okanye kwisayensi: umsasazi wenza uvavanyo oluncinci phambi kwabaphulaphuli ukubonisa into ethile (umzekelo, umthetho womxhuzulane, ubuninzi bezinto, isiphumo soxinzelelo lomoya, njl.njl.) kwaye, ukusuka apho, fikelela kwizigqibo eziqinisa ithisisi yabo.
Iingxoxo ezisekelwe kwiingcinga zovavanyo kunye namava obuqu
Ityala elinxulumene nalo lelo iimvavanyo zokucingaEzi zifundo zibuza umntu othetha naye ukuba acinge ngemeko engeyonyani eqhubekela phambili ukuya kwinqanaba apho isigqibo esifanelekileyo sihambelana nethisisi ekhuselweyo. Zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwifilosofi nakwiingxoxo zokuziphatha.
Ukongeza, sifumene iingxoxo ezivela kumava obuquKwezi, izizathu zenziwa kusetyenziswa iingxelo ezibhekiselele amava obuquUmzekelo: “Xa ndandisiya kweso sixeko, ndafumanisa ukuba izithuthi zikawonke-wonke zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu, ngoko ke ndicinga ukuba yimodeli elungileyo yokuyixelisa.”
Ezi ngxoxo zinombono oqinileyo. Zinokuba luncedo ekuveliseni uvelwano kunye nokusondelanaNangona kunjalo, azinabo ubukhali xa zisetyenziswa njengesiseko sodwa sethisisi ngokubanzi ("kwenzeke kum, ngoko ke kusoloko kunjalo"). Ngoko ke kuyacetyiswa ukuba zihlanganiswe nezinye iingxoxo ezingakhethi cala, ezifana nedatha okanye izifundo.
Iimpikiswano ezisekwe kwigunya
Luhlobo lwengxoxo apho ingcamango inikwa ixabiso elikhulu xa ivela kwingxoxo igunya okanye ingcaliNgokusisiseko, sijongana nengxoxo edla ngokubhenela kwiingcamango ezingezizo ukuba isetyenziswa ngokungagxeki, kuba ibhidanisa ukuthembeka komthombo nenyaniso epheleleyo.
Umzekelo omhle kuxa sikholelwa kuluvo lomntu Ingcali Kuba nje bengoochwephesha—oko kukuthi, xa ugqirha esinika uvavanyo, xa isazinzulu sejoloji sisixelela ngeempawu zeminerali, njalo njalo—abantu ngokusisiseko bayithatha njengengxoxo evela kwigunya kwaye, ngenxa yoko, bayithatha njengento eqhelekileyo ukuba iyinyani.
Asimele silibale ukuba amaxesha amaninzi iingcali Basenokuba baphosakeleukuphenjelelwa zizimvo zabo okanye nokuba nolwazi olungaphelelanga. Yiyo loo nto kuyimfuneko thelekisa ezi datha ukuqiniseka ngokwenene ukuba yingxoxo evela kwigunya kwaye isekelwe kwiinyani.
Kweli qela sikwafumana iingxoxo zokucaphula, apho amagama achanekileyo omntu ohloniphekileyo ephinda asetyenziswe (kwiimpawu zokucaphula) okanye uluvo lwakhe luchazwa ngamanye amazwi. Amandla ale ngxoxo axhomekeke kokubini ukuthembeka komthombo njenge ukuhambelana phakathi kwesicatshulwa kunye nethisisi ekhuselweyo.
Iingxoxo ezisekelwe ekuthelekiseni nasekufaniseni
Kule meko into esiyenzayo thelekisa iingcamango ezimbini xa sizithelekisa ecaleni, sizama ukufumanisa ukuba zeziphi eziyinyani okanye ezivakalayo. Oku kunokuba luncedo kakhulu kwezinye iimeko, ingakumbi xa ziboniswa izinto eziluncedo nezingalunganga yeendlela ezahlukeneyo (umzekelo, iimodeli ezimbini zemfundo, imigaqo-nkqubo emibini kawonke-wonke, iimveliso ezimbini, njl.njl.).
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inyani yokuba kukho iingcamango ezimbini kuphela idla ngokuthetha ukuba akukho nanye kuzo esondela kwinyaniNgoko ke, isigqibo esinokufikelelwa sesokuba umntu unokuba nokuqiniseka ngakumbi, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba yingcamango eyinyani ngokupheleleyo.
Ezi zinto zinxulumene nezi iingxoxo ngokufanisaBakhusela ingcamango esekelwe kwinto yokuba Ifana nenye esele yamkelweUmzekelo: “Zonke iincwadi endizifundileyo zalo mbhali zilungile; ngoko ke, incwadi yakhe entsha kufuneka ukuba nayo ibe ntle.”
Ii-analogues zinamandla, kodwa zikwayingozi: ukuba zithelekiswa izinto ezingalingani ngokwenene, iwela kwi ubuxoki bokufaniswa kobuxoki, ixhaphake kakhulu kwiintetho ezikhohlisayo.
Iingxoxo zibhekise kubuxoki
Le yenye yeengxoxo esizisebenzisa rhoqo xa sixoxa, ingakumbi xa singayiqondi kakuhle into esiyikhuselayo, kwaye ngokusisiseko isekelwe ubuxoki, ukukhohlisa, okanye ingqiqo engalunganga injongo yakhe kukukhusela ingcamango yakhe nokuhlasela ingcamango echasene naye.
Nangona kunjalo, iingxoxo ezingeyonyani zihlala ziphela ngenxa yokuba Kulula ukuzibona nokuzihlasela Ukuba umchasi unolwazi olusisiseko ngalo mba, angayiphikisa ngeengongoma ezimbalwa, ngaloo ndlela... Abaphulaphuli baya kulahlekelwa yintembelo kuye nabani na owasebenzisayo, kuba ngumzekelo ocacileyo wokungabikho kweengxoxo ezivakalayo.
Iingxoxo zibhekisele kwitellellation
Injongo yolu hlobo lwengxoxo kukuzama ukweyisela umntu owenze intetho ukuwela emgibeni kuloo ntetho inye, ukunyanzela ukuphikisana ngendlela yokufumanisa ukuba ngaba ngumntu onolwazi olupheleleyo lokuthetha ngaloo nto okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, uphinda nje uthotho lweengcamango kodwa ngaphandle kokuzifanisa ngokufanelekileyo nengcamango ngokubanzi.
Iquka ukubuza uthotho lwemibuzo edibeneyo ekhokelela umphulaphuli kwi-a isigqibo esiphikisanayo kunye nethisisi yayo yokuqala. Licebo elifana nencoko yeSocrates kwaye lisetyenziswa zombini ukubonisa ukusilela kwengqiqo ukuze omnye umntu acinge ngezizathu zakhe zocalucalulo.
Iimpikiswano ezisekwe kwixabiso
Iingxoxo ezisekelwe kwixabiso zezo zigxila kakhulu kwi ixabiso lokuziphatha, lokuziphatha okanye lobuhle kumntu ozisebenzisayo, nokuba zilungile okanye azilunganga.
Olu luhlobo lwengxoxo olusetyenziswa kakhulu namhlanje, ingakumbi kwiingxoxo malunga ezopolitiko, amalungelo, ubulungisa bentlalo, imfundo okanye ukuhlalisanaZinokuba luncedo kakhulu xa kuxoxwa ngesihloko esiphathelele ukuziphatha okanye ingcamango yefilosofi, njengoko zivumela izinto eziza kuqala kunye nemigaqo yesikhundla ngasinye ukuba zicaciswe.
Nangona kunjalo, yingxoxo engavumelekanga yokuchaza iinyani ezichanekileyo ezifuna ukuqinisekiswa okusekelwe kubungqina, kuba ayinalo ucalucalulo kwaye ixhomekeke kuphela kubuntu bethu. Ingasinceda sifikelele kwizigqibo malunga nezinto eziza kuqala kuthi kunye nendlela esizibona ngayo izinto, kodwa ayizukusinceda sifikelele kwisigqibo sesayensi ngesihloko esithile.
Ezinye iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zeengxoxo
Ukongeza koku kungasentla, kwi izicatshulwa zengxoxo Kubomi bokwenyani, ezinye iindlela zokuqiqa zibonakala ngathi kulungile ukwazi ukuze bakwazi ukuzibona nokuzisebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo.
- Iingxoxo zemizekelo: zisetyenziswa imizekelo ebambekayo ukunceda abaphulaphuli baqonde ngcono ingcamango ngokubanzi. Umzekelo, ukuchaza ukuxhatshazwa emsebenzini ngokudwelisa iimeko ezahlukeneyo zemihla ngemihla.
- Iingxoxo zesizathu kunye nesiphumo: bonisa a ubudlelwane be-causal Phakathi kwezinye izinto, “Ukuba awufundi, awuyi kupasa” okanye “ukusebenzisa kakhulu isikrini kuphazamisa ubuthongo” yimizekelo ecacileyo.
- Iingxoxo zokuqhelanisa: amatyala athile ahlukeneyo asetyenziswa ukwenza isiphelo ngokubanziBanengqiqo kakhulu, kodwa banokuba yingozi ukuba basekelwe kwiimeko ezimbalwa kuphela.
- Iingxoxo zobungakananiBaxabisa into ethile kuba Abantu abaninzi bacinga ngendlela efanayo. (“Izigidi zabantu zisebenzisa olu phawu, kumele ukuba lulungile”).
- Iingxoxo zomgangathoBagxininisa ukugqwesa okanye ukukhetheka yento eyahlukileyo kwizinto ezininzi okanye ezininzi.
- Iingxoxo zesithetheBayithethelela ingcamango kuba “Bekusoloko kusenziwa ngolu hlobo", bebhenela kumasiko nezenzo zentlalo."
- Iingxoxo zobuhleZisekelwe kwizigwebo ze ubuhle okanye ububi ukuze kubonwe ezinye iimpawu ("yindlu embi, ngokuqinisekileyo yakhiwe kakubi").
- iingxoxo ezichaphazelayoBazama ukuhambisa umntu oza kuyifumana ngokucela uncedo iimvakalelo, uloyiko, iminqweno, okanye uvelwano, endaweni yokusebenzisa ingqiqo.
- Iingxoxo zeempawuBatolika inyani njenge isibonakaliso sesinye ("Ukuba kukho umswakama kunye namafu amnyama, mhlawumbi kuya kuna").
Iingxoxo ngokwendlela yokuqiqa: ezisekelwe ekuqondeni, ezisekelwe ekuthatheni ingqalelo kunye nezisusa
Ukongeza kumxholo, singahlulahlula iingxoxo ngokwemiqathango uhlobo lokuqiqa abayisebenzisayo ukufikelela kwisigqibo:
- iingxoxo ezibambayo: qala ukusuka indawo ngokubanzi ukufikelela kwisigqibo esithile. Ukuba loo nto iyinyani kwaye isizathu sayo sakhiwe kakuhle, isigqibo Kufuneka ukuba yinyaniUmzekelo: “ayisizo zonke izityalo ezinokushukuma; i-eucalyptus sisityalo; ngoko ke i-eucalyptus ayinakushukuma.”
- Iingxoxo ezikhuthazayo: qala ukusuka amatyala athile ukwenza ingqikelelo ngokubanzi. Umzekelo: ukubona ukuba iintlobo ezininzi zemithi zilahlekelwa ngamagqabi ekwindla kunye nokugqiba kwelokuba “yonke imithi ilahlekelwa ngamagqabi ekwindla.” Ezi ziluncedo, kodwa isigqibo sabo sisoloko sinesizathu inqanaba lokunokwenzekakungekhona ngokuqiniseka okupheleleyo.
- iingxoxo zokuxhwilaBaqala kwinyani ebonwayo kunye nomthetho oqhelekileyo wokuphakamisa ingcaciso engcono kakhuluUmzekelo: “Kuyana namhlanje; andiyi epakini ngemini yemvula; ngoko ke, andiyi epakini namhlanje.” Ezi azizobungqina obungenakuphikiswa, kodwa ziluncedo kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla nakuphando.
Iingxoxo ngokwenjongo yazo kunye nesimo sazo
Iingxoxo zingahlulwa ngokwemiqathango injongo yonxibelelwano kunye isikhundla somthumeli:
- Iingxoxo ezisengqiqweniBazama ukukholisa ngokusebenzisa ingqiqo ehambelanayo kwaye yakhiwe kakuhle, apho isiphelo sifunyenwe khona kwisakhiwo.
- iingxoxo ezichaphazelayoBagxininisa ukuhamba nokucenga ukubhenela kwiimilinganiselo, uloyiko, amathemba okanye uvelwano, endaweni yokucinga ngendlela engqongqo.
- Iingxoxo ezilungileyo: Bayayixhasa kwaye bayayiqinisa ithisisi ekhuselweyo ngulowo uyikhuphayo.
- IimpikiswanoZisetyenziselwa phikisa ithisisi ephikisayoechaza iimpazamo zayo, izikhewu, okanye iziphumo ezingafunekiyo.
- Ukuma okungaqhelekangaUmthumeli uyavuma ezinye iingongoma ezifanelekileyo zesimo esichaseneyo, kodwa ukwanika iingxoxo zabo ukufaneleka okanye ukutshintsha kancinci ithisisi yokuqala.
Ukuqonda nokuqonda zonke ezi ntlobo zeengxoxo kusenza sikwazi ukwakha iintetho ezisebenza kakuhle. icacile, iqinile kwaye ithembekilekwaye sikhuseleke ngcono kwiindlela zokukhohlisa, iimpazamo, okanye ingqiqo embi enokuvakala ikholisa, kodwa eneneni singabi nesibindi xa sizihlalutya ngononophelo.
Ngokuqeqesha ubuchule bethu bokwahlula phakathi kweenyaniso, amaxabiso, iimvakalelo, igunya, izizathu, ukwenziwa kwezinto ngokubanzi, okanye ukufanekisa, siphuhlisa ukucinga ngokugxekayo icocekile ngakumbi kwaye unxibelelwano olusebenzayo ngakumbikokubini xa sibhala naxa sithetha esidlangalaleni okanye xa sixoxa kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla.
