Ingcamango kunye neempawu zesayensi: iinkcazo, amasebe kunye nendlela yesayensi, https://www.recursosdeautoayuda.com/caracteristicas-ciencia/,www.recursosdeautoayuda.com,yinyani,1788,6,
Uluntu belusoloko lunomdla onzulu ngayo yonke into eyenzekayo kulo, kwaye ukususela ekuqaleni kwengcinga, bekukho imizamo yokuqonda ukusebenza kweenkqubo ezenzeka imihla ngemihla kwindawo yoluntu. Lo mzamo ucwangcisiweyo wokwazi nokuchaza inyani yile nto siyibiza namhlanje... Ciencia, igama elithetha uphando olucwangcisiweyo kunye nokukhangela ukuqonda ngenkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi indlela yesayensi.
Injongo ephambili yesayensi kukuba fumana iingcaciso ezinokuthenjwa Ngezinto ezingaziwayo ezivelayo njengoko uluntu kunye nenkqubela phambili yobomi, iingcaciso ezinceda ukuphucula indlela yokuphila yabantu, zikhokela ekwenzeni izigqibo, kwaye zincede ekusombululeni iingxaki ezithile kuzo zonke iinkalo: impilo, ubuchwepheshe, okusingqongileyo, ulungelelwaniso lwentlalo, phakathi kwezinye ezininzi.
Ukuze kuqhutywe indlela yesayensi xa kusenziwa uphando, kuyimfuneko ukuba kuqulunqwe imibuzo eliqela kunye nemibuzo eyaziwa ngokuba yi intelekelelo kwicandelo lobuchwephesha. Ezi ndlela zijolise ekujongeni ingxaki kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo, ukuseka ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo, kunye nokulindela iziphumo ezinokubakho, ekugqibeleni zifikelele usukelo olufanayo: ingcaciso kunye nesisombululo esinokwenzeka kwingxaki.
Isayensi ineempawu ezithile ezibalulekileyo ekuqhubeni inkqubo yesayensi, njengophando, kuba iinkqubo kunye neendlela ezisetyenziswayo zijolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba umsebenzi uvelisa iziphumo. echanekileyo, enokungqinisiseka kwaye eluncedo kwizazinzulu, nokuba basebenza phi na.
Isayensi iyinyani, icwangcisiwe, ihlalutywa, iqokelelwa, icwangcisiwe, ivulelekile, iyaqinisekiswa, iqhelekile, yesikhashana, kwaye ikhethekileZonke ezi zinto zingentla zezona mpawu ziphambili ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kusetyenziswa isayensi kuyo nayiphi na indawo yolwazi, kwaye zikwanxulumene nezinye iimpawu eziphambili ezifana nokungakhethi cala, ukuba nengqiqo kunye nokuqinisekiswa.
Yintoni inzululwazi?
Isayensi yi iseti yeenkqubo zolwazi ezicwangcisiweyo abafuna ukufunda, ukutolika, nokuphanda izinto ezinokwenzeka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zobomi, ezinje social, zendalo y ezingezizoAkupheleli nje ekuqokeleleni idatha, kodwa kukuyihlela, ukuyihlalutya, nokuyiguqula ibe ziingcaciso ezibanzi ezisivumela ukuba siqonde indlela esebenza ngayo inyaniso kunye nemithetho eyilawulayo.
Kwelinye icala, kunokuthiwa isayensi indlela yokwakha ulwazi ngokusekelwe kwingqiqo, ukujonga ngokungqongqo, uvavanyo kunye ukucinga ngokugxekayoOku kuthetha ukuba amabango esayensi kufuneka akwazi ukungqinelwa ngobungqina, avuleleke ekubuzweni imibuzo, kwaye ahlolwe rhoqo.
Los izazinzulu Aba ngabantu abasebenzisa indlela yesayensi kuphando lwabo nakwizifundo zabo ukuze batolike kwaye basombulule iingxaki ezivelayo, ngokwenziwa nokuvavanywa kweengcinga ezicingelwayo, ngenjongo chaza izinto ezenzekayo kwaye unike izisombululo ezinokuba luncedo eluntwini okanye ekuphuculeni ulwazi ngokwalo.
Kudla ngokuthiwa indlela yesayensi yokwenene yokufumana ulwazi kukusebenzisa ukuqwalasela okucwangcisiweyo y iimvavanyo ezilawulwayo kwiindawo ezithile. Ezi nkqubo mazicwangciswe kwaye zihlelwe ngokwemigaqo echazayo, ngokubanzi, echazwe kumanqanaba amabini: elinye ithiyori, equlunqa iimodeli kunye neengcinga ezingacacanga, kunye nenye ingcacisoedibanisa ezi modeli kunye neenkcukacha ezibonakalayo. Nje ukuba ulwazi lucwangciswe, iingcamango ziyaqulunqwa kwaye iingxaki zibuzwa kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo ukuqala indlela yesayensi enjalo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yesayensi kuye kwavelisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo mithetho, iingcinga y iimodeli Izakhelo zesicwangciso zezona zenza isayensi kunye nabasebenzi bayo babe ziimpawu ezikhethekileyo. Ezi zakhiwo zengcaciso zivumela ulwazi ukuba luhlelwe ngokwee-hierarchies: ukusuka kwiingcamango ezilula ukuya kwiithiyori ezisekelwe kakuhle, kuquka imithetho yobungqina kunye neemodeli ezimela inyani ngendlela engabonakaliyo.
Inzululwazi Ixhomekeke kakhulu ekuqulunqweni kwengcamangoEzi ziingcinga ezisekelwe kwisiseko malunga nendlela into ethile, utshintsho, okanye imeko enokuchaphazela ngayo enye. Injongo yezi ngcinga kukuqwalasela zonke iziphumo ezinokubakho ezinokuthi zenziwe sisenzo sento, imeko, okanye into ngexesha elithile okanye umxholo othile. Emva koko, iimvavanyo zenziwa, rhoqo phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo, kwaye nangophando lwasentsimini kunye novavanyo lomzimba xa uhlobo lwengxaki lufuna oko, ukuze... ukuqinisekisa okanye ukuphikisa nokuba ingcamango, ithiyori, okanye umthetho uyasebenza okanye nokuba yinkolelo nje engenasiseko saneleyo.
Olu hlobo lokuhlaziywa luthetha ukuba isayensi ikwimeko utshintsho rhoqoUlwazi lwesayensi luyalungiswa, lwandiswe, okanye lutshintshwe ngokuhamba kwexesha ngokusekelwe kubungqina obutsha, izixhobo zokulinganisa ezingcono, okanye izikhokelo zethiyori ezinamandla ngakumbi, luhlala lugcina umnqweno wokuchaza nokuchaza inyani ngeyona ndlela inokuthenjwa.
Imvelaphi emfutshane kunye nophuhliso lwengcinga yesayensi
Isayensi yindlela yanamhlanje yokubhekisa kwizifundo nophando olwenziweyo ukuphendula imibuzo emikhulu kunye neemfihlakalo zehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, qhuba ukuze wazi Indala njengoluntu ngokwalo. Kuyo yonke imbali, uluntu lusebenzise iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza: iintsomi, iinkolo, ulwazi oluvela kwi-empire, kunye nokucamngca okunengqiqo.
Kulo Izinto zakudala zakudalaIngakumbi kwiGrisi yamandulo, uninzi lweendawo zolwazi esizibiza ngokuba zezenzululwazi ngoku zahlulwe phantsi kwegama elithi intanda-bulumkoIingcali zelo xesha zazibuza ngendalo yonke, imvelaphi yezinto, kunye nolandelelwano olulawula inyani, zidibanisa ukujonga, ingqiqo, kunye nokuqikelela. Enyanisweni, mandulo aba baphandi babesaziwa nje ngokuba izafilosofi.
Ngaloo maxesha angaphambi kophuhliso lwesayensi yanamhlanje, izazinzulu zazisaziwa ngegama elahlukileyo kakhulu: iingcali zefilosofi zendaloUlwazi olungekho kwezobugcisa okanye kwezobugcisa lwaluhlulwe njengefilosofi, luthathwa njengolwazi oluqhelekileyo noluquka yonke into. Lwaluquka izifundo ezifana nezibalo, amayeza, ifiziksi, kunye neenkwenkwezi, nangona lungenalo ulwakhiwo lwangoku lwendlela yokusebenza.
U-Aristotle wayengumntu obaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yolwazi. Ngokwembono yakhe, ulwazi lunokwahlulwa lube ziindlela ezintathu zobugcisa okanye iindlela zomsebenzi wengqondo: ithiyori, la prAxis kunye i-poiesisnganye ineenjongo ezahlukeneyo kunye nohlobo lolwazi olwahlukileyo.
- Ithiyori: kulapho ke ukhangela khona inyaniso malunga nengcamango okanye into ethileigxile kwimo yalo okanye kwintsingiselo yalo. Izazinzulu ezibandakanyekayo kolu hlobo lolwazi yayizezo zazifuna ulwazi ngenxa yalo, njenge-metaphysics, izibalo, ifiziksi, okanye i-astronomy.
- umkhuba: lulwazi okusebenzayo nokujoliswe kwisenzoisetyenziselwa ukukhokela izimo zengqondo kunye nezenzo ekuziphatheni komntu ngokwenene. Phakathi kwezifundo ezinxulumene noko kwakukho ezopolitiko, ukuziphatha, kunye nezoqoqosho, ezazihlalutya indlela uluntu olufanele luphile kwaye lucwangciswe ngayo.
- IPolisi: inxulumene ne ukudalwa nokuveliswa kwezinto okanye iimpahlaOku kuquka ubugcisa, imisebenzi yezandla, umculo, kwaye ngokubanzi, nawuphi na umsebenzi oguqula izinto okanye iingcamango zibe yinto entsha.
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezi ntlobo zolwazi zaya zisanda ngokwahluka, kwaye kwavela izifundo ezine iindlela zaboIngcinga yesayensi yafumana amandla xa ukujongwa kunye novavanyo olucwangcisiweyo kwamiselwa njengemilinganiselo ephambili yokuqinisekisa izimvo. Le nkqubo yokuguqula, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yinguquko yesayensi, yayibandakanya utshintsho oluvela kwiingcaciso ezisekelwe ikakhulu kwigunya kunye nesithethe ukuya kwimodeli efuna ubungqina obunobungqina kunye nengqiqo eqatha.
Ukususela kuloo nkqubo yembali, isayensi yafumana ukubaluleka okukhulu kwinkcubeko, uqoqosho, kunye nolungelelwaniso lwentlalo. Ngokusondeleyo ubuchule kunye netekhnolojiKwakhuthaza uphuhliso lwezixhobo, oomatshini, kunye neendlela ezatshintsha ngokupheleleyo ubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kwimveliso yokutya ukuya kunxibelelwano.
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, isayensi iye yamkela amagama neendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zenkcubeko kunye notshintsho kwindlela esiyiqonda ngayo ihlabathi. Kulindeleke ukuba iqhubeke itshintsha kwixesha elizayo, njengoko kuvela imibuzo emitsha, iingxaki zehlabathi, kunye netekhnoloji ezitshintsha indlela esiphanda ngayo nesinxulumana ngayo nenyaniso.
Ulwahlulo lwezeNzululwazi
Okwangoku, udidi olulula noluqhelekileyo ludla ngokusetyenziswa kunolu Iquka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi kwiindidi ezibanzi, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwento abayifundelayo kunye neendlela abazisebenzisayo. Amasebe amathathu aphambili adla ngokuba isayensi yendalo, Las iNzululwazi yezentlalo kunye isayensi esemthethweniapho kunokongezwa khona umahluko phakathi kwesayensi esisiseko kunye nesayensi esetyenzisiweyo.
IiNzululwazi zeNdalo
Isayensi yendalo yile iseti yezifundo zesayensi ezizinikele ekufundeni indalo kunye nezehlo zomzimba, iikhemikhali, kunye nezebhayoloji. Basebenzisa indlela yesayensi ukuphinda bazame ukuvelisa (phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo) izinto ezibanomdla kuzo, yiyo loo nto zikwaziwa njengezesayensi. yokulinga o isayensi yezinto eziphilayo nezendalo.
Eli sebe lifuna ukuphanda nokufunda zonke zendalo okanye ezinokuqwalaselwa kweli candelo, njengezinto ezisetyenziswayo, iindawo ezingqongileyo, izidalwa eziphilayo, kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, isithuba kunye nendalo iphela. Imizekelo ebalaseleyo yesayensi yendalo yi ibhayoloji, la ifiziksi, la chemistry, la ijiology kunye ngeenkwenkwezi.
isayensi esemthethweni
Isayensi esesikweni luhlobo olwahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo lwezifundo kwezo zangaphambili kuba azinazo umxholo othe ngqo we-empiricalAzisekelwanga kwinyani okanye ekubonweni kwezinto ezibonakalayo, kodwa zijongana izinto ezingabonakaliyo kunye neenkqubo kunye nolwalamano olunengqiqo phakathi kwazo.
Isayensi esesikweni ibandakanya imathematika, la ingqiqo, la manani kunye isayensi yekhompyutha yethiyoriEzi zifundo zisebenza ngee-axioms, iinkcazo, iimpawu, kunye nemithetho yokuqikelela. Ukuqinisekiswa kwezigqibo zazo kuvela ekucingeni okunengqiqo kunye nobungqina obusemthethweni, endaweni yokuvavanya ngokuthe ngqo ihlabathi elibonakalayo.
Isayensi yezentlalo okanye ubuntu
Isayensi yezentlalo, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-humanities, igxila kwi- uphando ngabantu nayo yonke into enxulumene nendlela yabo yokuphila, ukuziphatha, kunye nophuhliso kuluntu. Bafunda ngezinto ezifana namaziko, iinkcubeko, uqoqosho, ubudlelwane bamandla, kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano.
Nangona zabelana nesayensi yendalo ngomnqweno wokuba nobuchule nohlalutyo, isayensi yezentlalo idla ngokusebenzisa indibaniselwano ye iindlela zobungakanani kunye nomgangathoUhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani, ukutolikwa kwengxoxo, kunye neendlela zokuthelekisa. Imizekelo yezi zifundo zezi: inzululwazi ngentlalontle, la ingcaciso, Las IiNzululwazi zezoPolitiko, la qoqosho, la isayikholojisti kunye ijografi yabantu.
Isayensi esisiseko kunye nesayensi esetyenzisiweyo
Enye indlela yokwahlulahlula isayensi, ehambelana neyangaphambili, yahlula phakathi inzululwazi ezisisiseko (okanye esisiseko) kunye INzululwazi eSebenzisiweyo, ngokwendlela abanxulumana ngayo ngokuthe ngqo nesisombululo seengxaki ezisebenzayo.
Las inzululwazi ezisisiseko Bagxininisa wandise ulwazi malunga nendawo ethile ngaphandle kokufuna ukusetyenziswa kwangoko. Umzekelo, uphando lwebhayoloji malunga nokuziphatha kwesidalwa, okanye izifundo zethiyori kwifiziksi kwiinxalenye zokuqala. Olu hlobo lolwazi, nangona ngamanye amaxesha lunokubonakala lukude kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla, luhlala lusisiseko apho izicelo zobuchwepheshe ziphuhliswa khona kamva.
Las INzululwazi eSebenzisiweyoKunoko, basebenzisa ulwazi oluveliswe zisayensi ezisisiseko ukuze ukusombulula iingxaki ezithile kunye nokuphendula kwiimfuno ezithile zoluntu. Eli qela liquka engineering, la mayeza, la ikhemesti, la nutrición, la isayikholoji esetyenzisiweyo okanye inzululwazi ngezinto zakudalaphakathi kwezinye ezininzi. Bonke basebenzisa iithiyori zangaphambili kunye nedatha ukuyila izisombululo, unyango, iimveliso okanye ukungenelela.
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, isayensi iye yathatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwahlulahlula ngokwezinto ezithandwa luluntu lwezenzululwazi kunye neemfuno zoluntu. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezi ndidi ziya kuqhubeka nokukhula, zibandakanya iindlela ezintsha ezixutyiweyo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufundisa ezidibanisa amasebe ahlukeneyo olwazi.
Iimpawu zesayensi
Isayensi ineempawu ezithile ezikhethekileyo eziyahlula kwezinye iindlela zokutolika ihlabathi, njengolwazi lwenkolo, iinkolelo ezidumileyo, okanye izimvo zemihla ngemihla. Xa inkqubo efuna indlela yesayensi iza kwenziwa, ezi mpawu kufuneka zibe khona; kungenjalo, ayinakuthathwa njengenkqubo yesayensi. inkqubo yesayensi engqongqo.
Phakathi kweendlela ezininzi zokuchaza umsebenzi wesayensi, ukuhlanganiswa okwamkelweyo ngokubanzi kubonisa ukuba uphando lwesayensi luvulelekile, lunokuqinisekiswa, luqokelelene, lucwangcisiwe, luyinyani, lukhethekile, lucwangcisiwe, lucwangcisiwe, luhlalutya, kwaye luqhelekile. Kwezi zinto zongeziweyo iimpawu ezifana... ingqwalaselo, la ukuba nengqiqo kunye ubuxoki (amathuba okuphikiswa).
Vula
Izifundo zesayensi zihlala zichatshazelwa utshintshoIsayensi ivulekile kuba ivumela iingcamango zayo, iimodeli, kunye neengcaciso ukuba... ilungisiwe okanye itshintshiwe Xa kuvela ubungqina obutsha okanye kuphuhliswa izikhokelo zethiyori ezingcono, oku kuthetha ukuba akukho ngxelo yesayensi ethathwa njengenyaniso epheleleyo nengenakuguqulwa, kodwa endaweni yoko ulwazi lunokuhlaziywa.
Iyaqinisekiswa kwaye iyabonakaliswa
Indlela yesayensi inzima kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nokuqinisekisa iziphumo zayo. Ke ngoko, ukuze umxholo uthathwe njengowesayensi, kufuneka kube lula ukuwuqinisekisa. ukuqinisekisa ngokujonga, ukwenza uvavanyo, okanye uhlalutyo olucokisekileyoIingcamango neethiyori mazicwangciswe ngendlela yokuba zivavanywe okanye zichaswe.
Ukuqinisekiswa kukwanxulunyaniswa ukuphinda-phinda kunye ukuphinda-phindaAbanye abaphandi, kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo nangamaxesha ahlukeneyo, kufuneka bakwazi ukuphinda le nkqubo ichaziweyo baze bafumane iziphumo ezifanayo. Le mfuneko ikhusela isayensi kwiimpazamo, ucalucalulo, kunye nobuqhetseba, kwaye iqinisa ukuzithemba kwiziphumo.
Iyenyuka
Iingcamango zesayensi zifana neendonga ezakhiwa kancinci kancinci ngokuhamba kwexesha, ngokufunyanwa kweziqwenga ezintsha zolwazi ezidityanisiweyo. Isayensi iyaqokelelwa kuba Akukho datha okanye iziphumo ezivumelekileyo ezilahliweyoNokuba ithiyori ithathelwe indawo, ubungqina obuyixhasayo bunokuhlanganiswa kwisakhelo esibanzi okanye esichanekileyo sengcaciso.
Olu hlobo lokuqokelelana luvumela ulwazi lwesayensi ukuba luqhubeke lukhula, kwaye izizukulwana ezintsha zezazinzulu zakhele phezu kwalo. ulwazi olupheleleyo sele yakhiwe, apho bongeza khona igalelo labo.
Ngokwenkqubo kunye nenkqubo
Ukuze kusetyenziswe isayensi, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa indlela yesayensiLe yiseti yamanyathelo acwangcisiweyo kunye neendlela ezingqongqo ezisivumela ukuba senze iingxaki, siqokelele idatha, siyihlalutye, size sifikelele kwizigqibo. Ngenxa yale seti yeenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo, isayensi inokwenziwa ngendlela ehlelekileyo nehambelanayo.
Zonke iinkqubo zolwazi lwesayensi zidibene, zenza inethiwekhi emanyeneyo yeengcinga kunye neengcamangoLe ndlela icwangcisiweyo yenza kube lula ukunxulumanisa iziphumo ezivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ukudibanisa ulwazi kwiimodeli ezibanzi, kunye nokwakha uphando olupheleleyo ukusuka kwinqanaba loyilo ukuya kunxibelelwano lweziphumo.
Yinyani
Izifundo zesayensi zibonakaliswa ngokusekwe kwi iinyaniso ezibonakalayo nezilinganisekayoEzi zigqibo zifunyanwa ngophando, iimvavanyo, okanye iirekhodi ezisekelwe kwiingcamango. Ukuba bezisekelwe kuphela kwiingqikelelo okanye kwiinkolelo ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa ngokuchasene nenyani, bezingenakukwazi ukufikelela kwizigqibo ezihambelanayo nezinokuthenjwa.
Ukuthetha inyaniso akuthethi ukuba isayensi inqunyelwe ekuchazeni iinyani ezizimeleyo, kodwa endaweni yoko kufuneka ingcaciso yayo ihlale injalo. zibeke kubungqina kwaye bakwazi ukungenisa uvavanyo lwedatha ekhoyo.
Ezizodwa
Kukho amasebe amaninzi esayensi afanele ukufundwa ngokweenkcukacha nangokubanzi kuba umxholo wawo ubanzi kwaye unzima. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, isayensi ikwakhethekile: abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwi amasimi athileUkuphuhlisa inqanaba eliphezulu lobuchule kwizihloko ezithile.
Olu lwazi luvumela ukufundwa nzulu kweengxaki ezithile, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ludala isidingo sokuba incoko phakathi kwezifundo ezahlukeneyo, ukudibanisa igalelo elivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo nokujongana neziganeko ezinzima kakhulu ukuba zingaqondwa ngembono enye.
Yesikhashana kwaye inobuxoki
Iingxelo ezenziwe emva kophando akufuneki zithathwe njengeziphumo eziqinisekileyo nezivaliweyo ngokupheleleyo. Isayensi yinto yexeshana kuba iingcaciso zayo zihlala zitshintsha. ivulelekile ukuba ihlolweXa kuvela idatha entsha okanye kuyilo lwezilingo ezingcono, iingcamango zinokulungiswa, zandiswe, okanye zitshintshwe.
Okunxulumene noku kungasentla yingcamango yokuba ulwazi lwesayensi kufuneka bubuxokiOko kukuthi, yenziwe ngendlela yokuba inokuthi iphikiswe ngokubona okanye ngovavanyo oluthile. Ingxelo engavumiyo, nokuba ngokomgaqo, ukuba iyavavanywa, ayifanelekanga kwisakhelo sesayensi.
Uhlalutyo
Uphando ludla ngokutyhila iingxaki ezinzima ukuziqonda ngokupheleleyo. Ke ngoko, isayensi isebenzisa hlalutyo njengesixhobo esiphambili: iqhekeza izinto ezintsonkothileyo zibe ziinxalenye ezilula, ichonge izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifanelekileyo, kwaye ifunde ubudlelwane phakathi kwazo.
Le ndlela yokuhlalutya ayithinteli ukubuyela emva kwimbono iyonke, idibanisa iziphumo zomntu ngamnye kwingcaciso yehlabathi jikelele yento efundweyo.
Jikelele
Nangona inobuchule bokuhlalutya nobokuchwephesha, isayensi inqwenela ukuyila imigaqo jikelele oko kunokusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezininzi, kungekuphela nje kwezo zifundwe ngokuthe ngqo. Emva kokuphanda iingxaki ezithile, kuphuhliswa iindlela ezibanzi ezisivumela ukuba siqonde ulwakhiwo olunzulu lwengxaki kwaye siqikelele indlela izinto ezifanayo eziya kuziphatha ngayo kwezinye iimeko.
Ukwakhiwa kwemithetho, iingcamango, kunye neemodeli zobubanzi ngokubanzi yenye yeenjongo eziphambili zesayensi, kuba yenza kube lula ukusebenzisa ulwazi ngendlela ethile. ukuqikelela nokucacisa.
Injongo kunye nokubalulekileyo
Isayensi ilandela ingqwalaseloOku kuqondwa njengomzamo wokuchaza nokuchaza inyani ngendlela engenamkhethe kangangoko, ukunciphisa impembelelo yeenkolelo zomntu, iingcamango, okanye izinto anomdla kuzo. Ukuze kufikwe kule ndlela ifanelekileyo, kusetyenziswa iindlela ezimiselweyo, iikhrayitheriya ezabelwana ngazo, kunye nenkqubo yokuphononongwa kontanga.
Ngaphezu koko, isayensi isekelwe kwi ukucinga ngokugxekayoLonke ulwazi lunokuthandatyuzwa, luvavanywa rhoqo, kwaye luthelekiswa nobungqina obutsha. Esi simo sengqondo sigxekayo sithintela iingcamango ekubeni ziimfundiso kwaye sikhuthaza ukufuna okuqhubekayo kweengcaciso ezingcono.
Indlela yesayensi kunye namanyathelo ayo aphambili
El indlela yesayensi Yindlela esetyenziswa kakhulu ekucingeni ngokwesayensi. Iqulathe amanyathelo kunye nemigangatho ezama ukuqinisekisa eyona ilungileyo ukungakhethi cala, ukuqina kunye nokuqinisekiswa kunokwenzeka ekwakheni ulwazi. Nangona lunokwahluka kancinci phakathi kwezifundo, ngokusisiseko lulandela ulwakhiwo olufanayo.
Le ndlela imisela ukuba amabango esayensi kufuneka akwazi ukuqinisekiswa. ichasiwe okanye iqinisekisiwe ngokujonga kunye novavanyo, kwaye iziphumo zabo kufuneka zibe phinda-phinda ngabaphandi abanye. Ngenxa yoku, isayensi ihlala ikwimeko yokuqinisekiswa nokuphucuka rhoqo.
Ukujonga
Yonke inkqubo yesayensi iqala ngo uqwalaselo olucwangcisiweyo yento ethile kwimeko yayo yendalo okanye kwindawo elawulwayo. Kule nqanaba, ulwazi oluneenkcukacha luyaqokelelwa, iimpawu zento leyo ziyachazwa, kwaye idatha efanelekileyo iyarekhodwa. Ukuqwalasela kakuhle kubalulekile ekuqulunqeni imibuzo enentsingiselo nasekuphepheni ukungayihoyi imiba ebalulekileyo.
Ukubuza imibuzo kunye nokwazisa
Ukusuka ekubonweni kuvela imibuzoKutheni le nto yenzeka? Zeziphi izinto eziyichaphazelayo? Ivela okanye inyamalale phantsi kwaziphi iimeko? Le nkqubo yokwenza imibuzo nokukhangela iipateni yaziwa ngokuba ungeniso, kuba iqala kwiimeko ezithile ukuzama ukufumana izinto eziqhelekileyo ekufuneka zivavanywe kamva.
Ukuqulunqwa kwe-hypothesis
Ingcamango yi ingcaciso yokulinga yento ebonweyo. Yingxelo echaza ngokucacileyo izinto eziguquguqukayo kwaye icebisa impendulo enokwenzeka kumbuzo obuziweyo. Kufuneka ichaneke ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela uyilo lwezilingo okanye izifundo ezinokukwazi ukuziqinisekisa okanye ukuziphikisa.
Kulwazi lwesayensi, ingcamango ayisiyongqikelelo nje engenasiseko, kodwa sisindululo esixhaswa yi ulwazi lwangaphambili, iingcamango ezikhoyo kunye nohlalutyo olunzulu lwedatha ekhoyo.
Uvavanyo
Eli nqanaba libandakanya iimvavanyo phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayoOku kwenziwa kwilabhoratri okanye kwindawo yovavanyo eyilelwe ngokukodwa. I-variable enye okanye ezingaphezulu (ezibizwa ngokuba zii-variables ezizimeleyo) ziyaguquguqulwa, kwaye iziphumo zazo kwezinye ii-variables (ii-variables ezixhomekeke kuzo) ziyajongwa. Injongo kukuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo ziyahambelana na ne-hypothesis.
Xa uvavanyo oluthe ngqo lungenakwenzeka, kusetyenziswa ezinye iindlela zovavanyo, ezinje ngezifundo zokujonga, uphando, uhlalutyo lwezibalo, ukulinganisa iikhompyutha, okanye iimodeli zezibalo. Ukongeza, iiprojekthi ezininzi zophando ziquka iimvavanyo zasentsimini kunye nokulinganisa kwiimeko zokwenyani ukongeza kwizilingo ezilawulwayo.
Uhlalutyo lwedatha kunye nethiyori
Nje ukuba idatha iqokelelwe, emva koko iyacutshungulwa. hlalutyoOku kunokubandakanya izixhobo zezibalo, uthelekiso, uhlalutyo lokuhambelana, kunye novavanyo lokubaluleka kweziphumo. Ngokusekelwe kolu hlalutyo, kuvavanywa ukuba ingaba ingcamango iyaxhaswa na okanye kufuneka iguqulwe okanye ilahlwe.
Ngenxa yeziphumo esandleni, izazinzulu zicacisa iinkcazo ezineenkcukacha ezingaphezuluEzi zinokuba ziingcamango ukuba zidibanisa ngokudibeneyo uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto eziqwalaselweyo kunye novavanyo. Iingcamango zesayensi azizombono nje; zizikhokelo zengcamango eziqinileyo, ezixhaswa bubuninzi bobungqina kwaye zihlolwe ngokunzulu luluntu lwezenzululwazi.
Izigqibo kunye nonxibelelwano
Ekugqibeleni, bayabhalwa izigqibo Ezi ngxelo zishwankathela iziphumo, iziphumo zazo, kunye nemida yazo enokubakho. Ezi zigqibo emva koko zinikezelwa kuluntu lwezenzululwazi ngeengxelo, amanqaku, iingqungquthela, okanye iidathabheyisi, apho zivavanyelwa khona zezinye iingcali. Ngale ndlela, ulwazi olufunyenweyo luhlanganiswa nomzimba obanzi wesayensi kwaye lufumaneke kuphando olongezelelekileyo.
Ulwazi lwesayensi: iingcamango, imithetho, iingcamango, kunye neemodeli
Ulwazi lwesayensi luhlelwe ngokwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo ukufunxwa kunye nokuqinaEzi ziqala kwiingcamango zokuqala ukuya kwiingcamango ezisekelwe kwisiseko. Ukuqonda olu luhlu lwemisebenzi kunceda ekuchazeni ngcono iziphumo zesayensi kunye nobubanzi bayo.
- Ingcamango yesayensi: Yingxelo engaqinisekiswanga kodwa enengqiqo nesekelwe kwisiseko esiqinileyo eyenziweyo xa kuthethwa ngengxaki yesayensi. Isekelwe kwidatha yangaphambili, kwizakhelo zethiyori ezikhoyo, nakwizinto eziqatshelweyo zokuqala. Umsebenzi wayo kukukhokela uphando kwaye luvavanywe.
- Umthetho wesayensi: Sisiphakamiso esiseka ratio rhoqo phakathi kweziganeko ezithile okanye izinto eziguquguqukayo, ezidla ngokubonakaliswa kusetyenziswa ulwimi olusemthethweni olufana nezibalo. Imithetho ichaza ukuhambelana okubonwayo, kodwa ayisoloko ichaza isizathu sokuba zenzeke; loo msebenzi uwela kwiingcamango.
- Ithiyori yezenzululwazi: Yiyo iseti yemigaqo kunye neengcamango ezicwangcisiweyo Ithiyori inika ingcaciso ecacileyo nebanzi yeziganeko ezahlukeneyo. Idibanisa imithetho emininzi, iingcamango eziqinisekisiweyo, kunye nobungqina obubonakalayo. Akufanele idideke noluvo nje; kwisayensi, ithiyori yingcaciso eqinileyo exhaswa luluntu lweengcali.
- Imodeli yesayensi: Luphawu olucacileyo, olunezibalo, okanye olubonakalayo oluvumela linganisa kwaye uhlalutye Indlela yokuziphatha kwenkqubo okanye into ethile. Iimodeli zenza kube lula ukwenzeka kwento ukuze ikwazi ukulawuleka, ngelixa zigcina iinkalo ezifanelekileyo kakhulu kwingxaki efundwayo.
Iimpawu zesayensi zizinto ezenza olu hlobo lophando lube yinkqubo yesayensi, kwaye njengoko sibonile, zakha ulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo lweenkqubo ekufuneka zilandelwe. Ukuba ezi mpawu azilandelwa xa kuqhutywa indlela yesayensi, izifundo aziyi kwenziwa ngendlela efanelekileyo, kwaye iziphumo aziyi kuba nabungqongqo obufunekayo ukuze zihlanganiswe nolwazi lwesayensi.
Isayensi, eqondwa njengomzamo odibeneyo, oqikelelweyo, nobalulekileyo wokuqonda inyani, iye yaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kuluntu: isenza sikwazi ukutolika ihlabathi, silindele iziganeko, siyile iteknoloji, siphucule impilo nomgangatho wobomi, kwaye sijongane nemingeni yehlabathi efana neengxaki zokusingqongileyo kunye neengxaki zempilo. Kwangaxeshanye, indlela yayo evulekileyo neyesikhashana iqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi luya kuqhubeka lukhula kwaye lutshintsha njengoko kuvela imibuzo emitsha kwaye kufunyanwa iindlela ezintsha zokujonga inyani.