IDyslexia -Yintoni, iintlobo, iimpawu, oonobangela kunye nonyango

Kule mihla, ixesha le idyslexia, kodwa bambalwa abayaziyo ukuba ithetha ntoni. Oku kwaziwa njengokungasebenzi kakuhle kokufunda okuzibonakalisa ebantwaneni, kulutsha nakubantu abadala, kwaye imeko yayo iphezulu kakhulu kunokuba unokucinga. Ngokuchanekileyo kwesi sizathu, sinika inqaku elilandelayo kule meko, apho amanqaku afana nengcaciso yayo, ubuchwephesha, iimpawu, kunye nonyango olusetyenziselwa ukoyisa ziyaphuhliswa.

Fumanisa ukuba yintoni i-dyslexia kunye nentsingiselo yayo

Etymologically, igama elithi dyslexia lenziwa ngamagama amabini: idys, igama elinemvelaphi yesiGrike eliguqulelwe njengobunzima; Y ilexia, Imvelaphi yesiLatin, oko kukuthi ukufunda. Ke ngoko, inguqulelo yokoqobo yeli gama yile kunzima ukufunda.

Kuchazwa njengobunzima bokumisela iikhowudi kunye nokufaka iikhowudi kwizinto zolwimi ngokubhekisele kufundo, ukubhala, kunye nokuthetha (ngokukodwa imiqondiso, oonobumba); I-ucal yenzeka kubantu abanobuchule obuqhelekileyo bokuqonda. Obu bunzima bunayo imvelaphi yokungasebenzi kakuhle kwengqondo, kunye nabo bazalwayo okanye bafunyanwa ngenxa yengozi ekuhambeni kobomi.

Ke ngoko, umntu ongakwaziyo ukubhala okanye ukubhala kubudala obuthathwa njengesiqhelo kuye ukuba angakwenza oko unokuthathwa njenge-dyslexia; Ngaphandle kokuba naluphi na uhlobo lokulibaziseka okanye ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, ukukhubazeka kwemizwa (iingxaki zokuva, iingxaki zombono, umzekelo) kunye nesikhokelo esifanelekileyo sokufundisa.

Abanye ababhali, bathanda UHarstein, uDebray kunye noMelékian, yithathe njenge ingxaki yokufunda. Abanye bayibona njengengxaki ethile yokufunda eyahlukileyo, efana Critchley, Nieto kunye nePadget, ngenxa yokudideka ngokubhekisele kwiimpawu. Inyani yile yokuba namhlanje, uninzi lwabantu alucacanga malunga nokuba yintoni i-dyslexia. Eli gama lisetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo ukubhekisa ikakhulu kukuphazamiseka kufundo ngokubanzi kunye nokufunda, okungalunganga.

Ngokumalunga neziganeko zabo, obu bunzima buchaphazela phakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-10% yabantwana abakwiminyaka yokuhamba isikolo, malunga ne-80% yabo ingabesilisa. Ngapha koko, kubo bonke abantu abane abachaphazelekayo, abathathu ngamadoda. Oku kwabangelwa kumaxesha amandulo ngokubaluleka okukhulu okunikezelwa kwimfundo yabo. Nangona kunjalo, kuluntu lwethu ngoku amakhwenkwe namantombazana aya esikolweni ngaphandle kwesithintelo. Ke ngoko, unobangela othile obangela i-dyslexia kwinani elikhulu kwisini esinye kunakwenye ayikaziwa.

Indlela apho isifo sedyslexia sichaphazela ubomi babantu iya kuxhomekeka ikakhulu kwinqanaba lobunzima (ukuba kwinqanaba iphantsi, iphakathi okanye imbi). Ngale ndlela, kukho abantu abanesidanga esincinci esivumayo, endaweni yoko, ukuba bagqame kwicandelo lokubala kunye nemathematics ngokubanzi; okanye abanye abakumgangatho ophakamileyo kodwa abangakwaziyo ukusebenza kubuchwephesha njengamagcisa ombane, amagcisa, abenzi begolide, abayili kunye nabathungi. Okokugqibela, loo matyala obukhali ngakumbi apho le meko imele isithintelo sobunzima, kwaye eqeqesha abantu kuphela kwimisebenzi esisiseko.

Zithini iintlobo zedyslexia?

Kukho ubunzima bokufunda, i-dyslexia yenye yazo kwaye inokwahlulwa ngokweendidi ezahlukeneyo, eziya kuxhomekeka kubunzima anabo umntu ophethwe yile nto.

a) Idyslexia efumanekayo:

Ibhekisa kwi-dyslexia evela kumntu osele efundile ukufunda, emva kwengozi ebangele ukuba ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwengqondo. Kananjalo, ezi zahlulwe zangumda kunye kumbindi, ekuchongwa kwazo kuya kuxhomekeka ekubeni isiphumo sokwenzakala sichaphazela ukuqonda kwengcaciso okanye ukusetyenziswa kwayo.

Umda wedyslexia:

• Ingqwalaselo: Kwacetyiswa nguPatterson ngo-1981, kwaye ibhekisa kula matyala apho izigulana zinokuthi zichonge amagama kwihlabathi liphela, kunye nokuchonga oonobumba abodwa. Nangona kunjalo, abakwazi ukuchonga unobumba ngamnye owenza igama.
• Ezibonakalayo: Kule meko, abantu bayaphazama amagama abanye bafana ngendlela efanayo. Umzekelo, bafunda ubunzima endaweni yetafile; Ilanga endaweni yetyuwa, phakathi kwabanye. Nangona kunjalo, banokuchonga oonobumba bamagama abangakwaziyo ukuwafunda. Olu hlobo lwe-dyslexia luchazwe nguMarshall ngo-1984, kwiminyaka emithathu emva kokuvela kwengqwalaselo.
• Ileta ngeleta: Kwiintlobo zedyslexia ekhankanyiweyo, oku kuchatshazelwa bubude bamagama. Unobumba ngohlobo loonobumba uzibonakalisa xa umntu enesidingo sokufunda ngokuvakalayo, okanye ngaphakathi, unobumba ngamnye owenza igama elithile.

Idyslexia esembindini: Isigulana sinobunzima ekunxibelelaniseni uphawu lomzobo kunye nentsingiselo yelizwi; Oku kungenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle kwiindlela ezisebenza njengesixhobo sokudibanisa. Kuxhomekeke kwindlela ekunzima kuyo ukwenza olu nxibelelaniso, i-dyslexia esembindini yahlelwa:

• Isandi: Isigulana sinika ukuphazamiseka kwindlela yefowuni, kuba bayakwazi ukufunda amagama awaziwayo ngendlela ebonakalayo, kodwa abakwazi ukufunda amagama amatsha, angaziwayo okanye aqanjiweyo. Umntu one-phlexological dyslexia unokufunda indawo endaweni yengcuka, umzekelo.
• Phezulu: Iyazibonakalisa ngokukodwa ngokufundwa ngokungachanekanga kwamagama asemgaqweni, ngesiqhelo amagama abolekwe kwezinye iilwimi, anendlela yokubhala efanayo nokubiza amagama kulwimi oluchaphazelekayo; umzekelo, "iholo". Inxulumene nokonakala kwamanqaku amathathu kwindlela ebonakalayo: lexicon ebonakalayo, inkqubo ye-semantic kunye nephonological lexicon.
• Iisemantics: Isigulana sinakho ukufunda amagama kwisichazi-magama esibonakalayo nakwisichazimagama sezandi, nangona kunjalo, ngekhe sikwazi ukufumana intsingiselo yaso. Kolu hlobo lwe-dyslexia, kukho ukungasebenzi kunxibelelwano phakathi kwesichazimagama esibonakalayo kunye nenkqubo ye-semantic, ethintela ukukhutshwa komyalezo opheleleyo.
• Nzulu: Olu lolunye lweentlobo ezinobuzaza be-dyslexia, njengoko igama lalo libonisa, kuba umntu uya kuba nobunzima ekufundeni amagama abhaliweyo okanye amagama angaqhelekanga, nasekufumaneni intsingiselo. Inkqubo ye- isiguli esine-dyslexia enzulu izakubonisa zombini iimpawu zokuphazamiseka kwindlela ebonakalayo, kunye nezo zokuphazamiseka kwindlela yefowuni. Ngale ndlela, baya kuba nakho ukufunda "itafile" apho ithi "sihlalo".

b) Inguquko kwidyslexia:

Ikwabizwa ngokuba kukuphuhlisa i-dyslexia, kukungasebenzi kakuhle okuvela kumntu ngelixa ufunda ukufunda, kwaye kuyaqhubeka nasemva koku. Iimpawu kulo mzekelo zifana kakhulu nezo zinengxaki yohlobo olufunyenweyo, kodwa kule meko, aziyi kubangelwa zizilonda zobuchopho.

Iimpawu

Nje ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zedyslexia ziveliswe, umntu unokufumana umbono weempawu ezinxulumene nesi sifo. Nangona kunjalo, kweli candelo sibonisa ukonakala ngokubanzi kweempawu eziqhelekileyo zedyslexia kubantu abazibonisayo, kwaye zona zisetyenziselwa ukuxilongwa:

• Banikela nge ukufunda kancinci, xa kuthelekiswa nabantwana bezinga elifanayo. Olu luphawu lwabantu abane-dyslexia kwaye luqhelekile njengoko umntwana eqala ukufunda izivakalisi ezinde kunye neetekisi.
• Baphulukana rhoqo nokulandelelana kwemigca yesicatshulwa esithile, kwaye enyanisweni, ukuzikhokela, basebenzisa omnye weminwe yabo ukwalatha kumgca abakuwo.
• Bajika oonobumba abenza amagama. Ngale ndlela, banokubhidanisa u- "b" no "p" okanye u- "q".
• Ngelixa ufunda izicatshulwa, Baqamba amagama ngemiqondiso yemifanekiso efana naleyo yoqobo. Banokuthi okanye bangahambelani nomxholo wokufunda.
• Bangabhala phambi kwesipili amaxesha ngamaxesha.
• Babonisa ubunzima bokupela amagama, phambi kwabo babonisa ukuthandabuza okuninzi, kwaye ngokubanzi, batshintsha ukulandelelana koonobumba.
• Bafunda amanqaku, izalathandawo kunye nezihlanganisi (ezibizwa ngokuba ngamagama asebenzayo) ngobunzima obukhulu, kuba azinantsingiselo zinokuthi zinxibelelane nayo.
• Babonisa ubunzima obuphawulekayo ekufundeni ulwimi olutsha.
• Banobunzima bokubiza amagama e-polysyllabic.
• Kunzima kubo ukuba bafunde iitafile zokuphindaphinda.

Oonobangela bedyslexia

Ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okuye kwafundwa ukusukela phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, oonobangela be-dyslexia bahlala bengaziwa nanamhlanje. Ngokubanzi, sichaze i-dyslexia ngokwemvelaphi yayo njengokuvela kwendalo kunye nokufunyanwa. Izizathu zokugqibela zicacile. nangona kukho izinto ezinxulumene neempawu, ezigutyungelwe kwiithiyori ezithile ezizama ukucacisa imvelaphi yendalo yendaleko. Ezinye zeengcinga ezamkelweyo zichazwe apha ngezantsi:

• Izizathu zofuzo: Esi sesinye sezizathu ekuxoxwa kakhulu ngazo. Abanye oososayensi bathi ukuphuhliswa koku kungasebenzi kubangelwa zii-chromosomes 15 no-6, ezinxulumene nophuhliso lweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokungasebenzi kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, abukho ubungqina obomeleleyo obunikiweyo ukuxhasa eli bango.
• Izizathu ze-Neurological: Ngokumalunga nale ngongoma, ukungazalwa ngokuzalwa kwendalo yemithambo-luvo, ukuphazamiseka kokuzalwa komntu kuye kwakhankanywa, kodwa inyani kukuba, njengakwithiyori yemfuza yoonobangela be-dyslexia, abukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokuqinisekisa ukuba ivela kwimithambo-luvo.
• Izizathu zehormonal: Abanye ababhali bayayinxibelelanisa nobukho behomoni yamadoda, eya kuthi ichaze imeko ephezulu yokuphazamiseka emadodeni.
• Izizathu ezibonakalayo: Ezi zichazwe kwiindidi ze-dyslexia efunyenweyo. Izizathu ezibonakalayo zinokubonakala, ukuva kunye nefowuni. Ezokuqala zibangelwa bubunzima bokulungiswa kwembonakalo. Oku kunokuba ngenxa yokugqwetha kwengqondo, ukushukumiseka kwamehlo okungaqhelekanga, okunokwenza ukuba kube nzima ukulandela ukulandelelana koonobumba ngexesha lokufunda. Abo baphicothayo, apho imvelaphi yokuphazamiseka ikubunzima bokukuva. Okokugqibela, unobangela wezandi, apho ubunzima buchaphazela icandelo lezandi ezenza ulwimi.
• Izizathu zengqondo: Ithiyori echaza izizathu zedyslexia kwimeko yengqondo inomdla kakhulu. Abanye ababhali banxibelelanisa ukuphazamiseka kunye nokusilela kubudlelwane bezandi kunye neempawu zolwimi. Abanye bayinxibelelana neengxaki ezichaphazelayo okanye imeko yokusingqongileyo echaphazela ukukhuthazeka komntwana kunye nokukwazi kwakhe ukufunda. Okokugqibela, abanye abalandeli bokuziphatha bathi ibango elibi lokufumana umkhwa ombi, ke unyango lwabo luzama ukuphelisa isimilo.
• Izizathu zokufundisa: Inxulumene nezenzo ezigwenxa, ezikhohlakeleyo okanye ezingafanelekanga zokufundisa. Nangona kunjalo, le ithiyori iphikiswa kakhulu kuba phantsi kwezi ndlela ezifanayo abanye abantwana bakhula i-dyslexia, kwaye abanye abayenzi.

Unyango olusebenzayo

Unyango lwe-dyslexia kufuneka lubandakanye yonke imijikelo yobomi yesigulana. Ke, ekufumanekeni kwayo besebancinci, iya kufuna iindlela zokucombulula ubunzima ekufundeni. Okwangoku kukhankanyiwe iinkqubo zokufunda okukhokelwayo; yeyiphi eyona idumileyo IOrton-Gillingham (OG), eyaziwa ngokuba yiMultisensory kunye noLwimi oluFundisiweyo lokuFundisa (MSLE). Esi sithathwa njengesixhobo esisebenzayo ekufundiseni abantwana abane-dyslexia.

• Inkqubo yeMSLE isebenzisa zonke izivamvo ukufundisa abantwana ukufunda. Umzekelo, abafundi banokufunda ileta ethile ngokuyijonga, ukuyibiza, ukuyibhala ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ngendlela yokuba beve okanye banuke.
• Ukongeza, kufuneka unikezele umntwana kwiingcali ezikhethekileyo kuloo ndawo; ukukunceda wazi izandi zamagama, hlula izandi ezifanayo uze uzixube wenze amatsha, umzekelo. Oku kwaziwa njengokudala ulwazi lwezandi. Ke, baya kufunda ukubiza amagama abangawaziyo (ukumisela ikhowudi).
• Kuyacetyiswa, kwigumbi lokufundela, ukufundisa abantwana ngokukhethekileyo kumaqela amancinci. Kwangokunjalo, yenza imisebenzi evumela ukuba uhlobo olunye okanye ezimbini zeefonim zisetyenziswe, endaweni yokuba zibe ninzi ngaxeshanye, ngokwesiko.
• Eminye, kuxhomekeke kwimvelaphi yedyslexia, cebisa imithambo yamehlo evuselela kunye nokuphucula imbonakalo yomntu, nangona le ndlela ibuzwa kakhulu ngoku.

Kwimeko yabafundi baseyunivesithi, unyango lwe-dyslexia lukhokelwa ukuba luncede, kuba okwangoku kunzima kakhulu ukuhlasela le ngxaki. Abafundi baseDyunivesithi kufuneka bafake izicelo ngendlela efanayo umthambo wokufunda, oko kuya kubanceda babambe ulwazi. Nangona kunjalo, esi sisifo esinganyangekiyo, ke ngendlela efanayo baya kufuna ixesha elininzi lokufunda kunye nokwenza imisebenzi yabo.

Okwangoku, inkqubela phambili kwezobuchwephesha inokuhambisa ngokubonakalayo ubomi be-dyslexics, ngakumbi kwinqanaba labafundi. Kubekho irekhoda iminyaka eliqela abanokuyisebenzisa eklasini, ukubuyisela ukufunda amaxesha ngamaxesha; Iilaptops ezinabahloli bokupela, iincwadi ezirekhodwe ngelizwi, izifundo kunye neenkonzo ezizodwa ezinikezelwa ngamaziko emfundo ngala matyala.

Ukuqukumbela, nje ukuba yonke le ngxaki ixhaphakileyo yaziwe, siyakumema ukuba ushiye uluvo lwakho okanye amava malunga nomxholo kwibhokisi yezimvo. Unokwabelana nenqaku kwiinethiwekhi zakho zentlalo ukwazisa le ngxaki ichaphazela abantwana abaninzi nabantu abaqhelekileyo namhlanje.