Abazali abanengxaki yokuxhalaba ekuhlaleni Banokwenzeka ngakumbi kunabazali abanezinye iindlela zoxinzelelo lokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni kwabantwana babo kwaye bababeka emngciphekweni omkhulu wokuphuhlisa uloyiko lwentlalo, ngokophando olwenziwe kwiZiko laBantwana iJohn Hopkins.
Ukuxhalaba kwabazali kuhlala kunxulunyaniswa noxinzelelo lwabantwana kodwa bekungacaci nokuba Abantu abaneengxaki ezithile zoxinzelelo babangela okanye bakhuthaze indlela yokuziphatha ebangela uxinzelelo kubantwana babo. Olu pho nonongo luqinisekisa okugqibela.
Ngokukodwa, abaphandi kwiZiko laBantwana likaJohn Hopkins bachonge iindlela zokuziphatha kubazali abanengxaki yokuxhalaba ekuhlaleni (olona hlobo luxhalabileyo) Ezi ndlela zokuziphatha zibandakanya ukunqongophala okanye ukungoneli kothando kunye namanqanaba aphezulu okugxeka kunye namathandabuzo ayenzelwe umntwana. Ukuziphatha okunjalo, ngokutsho kwabaphandi, baziwa kakuhle ukwandisa ukuxhalaba ebantwaneni Kwaye zinokubangela ukuba abantwana babe nengxaki yokuxhalaba ngokupheleleyo, abaphandi bathi.
«Uxinzelelo lwabazali kwezentlalo kufuneka luqwalaselwe umngcipheko wexhala labantwana, kwaye oogqirha abakhathalela abazali abanesi sifo kufuneka baxoxe ngomngcipheko nezigulana zabo. "Utshilo omnye wabaphandi.
Ixhala sisiphumo sonxibelelwano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kofuzo kunye nokusingqongileyobatsho abaphandi, kwaye nangona kungekho nto ingako inokwenziwa kwicandelo lemfuza, ukulawula izinto zangaphandle kunokuba yinto ephambili ekudambiseni okanye ekuthinteleni unxunguphalo kubantwana babazali abaxhalabileyo.
“Abantwana abanelifa lokuthakazelelwa abanalo nje kuba nexhala ngenxa yemfuza, ngoko into esiyifunayo ziindlela zokwenza oko vimba iimeko zokusingqongileyo (kule meko, isimilo sabazali) »Utshilo omnye wabaphandi.
Abaphandi bahlalutye unxibelelwano phakathi kwabazali abangama-66 abaxhalabileyo kunye nabantwana babo abangama-66 (phakathi kweminyaka esi-7 neli-12 ubudala). Phakathi kwabazali, i-21 ngaphambili yayifumene ukuba noxinzelelo lwasentlalweni, kwaye i-45 yafunyaniswa inenye ingxaki yoxinzelelo, kubandakanya ukuphazamiseka koxinzelelo ngokubanzi, ukuphazamiseka kovalo, kunye nokuphazamiseka okungafunekiyo.
Iibini zomzali nomntwana bacelwe ukuba basebenze kunye kwimisebenzi emibini: lungiselela iintetho malunga neziqu zabo kwaye baphindaphinde uyilo oluntsonkothileyo besebenzisa isixhobo sokurekhoda TeleSketch. Abathathi-nxaxheba banikwe imizuzu emi-5 ngomsebenzi ngamnye kwaye basebenza kumagumbi abekwe iliso kwikhamera.
Sebenzisa isikali sika-1 ukuya ku-5, Abaphandi balinganisile uthando okanye ukugxeka umntwana, ukubonakalisa ukuthandabuza malunga nokusebenza kwabo, ukukwazi kwabo ukuwugqiba umsebenzi, ukunikwa kwenkululeko kunye negunya labazali kulawulo.
Abazali bafumanisa ukuba banexhala eluntwini Babonakalise uthando oluncinci nothando kubantwana babo, babagxeka ngakumbi kwaye banamathandabuzo ngakumbi malunga nokukwazi komntwana ukwenza lo msebenzi.
Ukuthintela uxinzelelo ebuntwaneni kubalulekile ngenxa yokuba iingxaki zokuxhalaba zichaphazela umntwana om-1 kwaba-5 eUnited States, kodwa ngokufuthi angabonakali, abaphandi bathi. Ukulibaziseka ekufumaneni isifo kunye nonyango kunokukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni gwenxa kweziyobisi, uxinzelelo, kunye nokusebenza gwenxa kwezifundo ngexesha lobuntwana kunye nokuba mdala.
Iindlela zokuhambisa: imfuzo kunye nokusingqongileyo
Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ixhala Isasazwa ngebhayoloji kunye neendlela zokufunda.Uphononongo ngeentsapho ze-rhesus monkey lubonise ukuba abazali abaxhalabileyo badla ngokuba nabantwana abaxhalabileyo kwaye kukho I-prefrontal-limbic-stem brain circuit omsebenzi wakhe ogqithisileyo unxulunyaniswa nokucaphuka kwexhala kwasebuncinaneni bakhe. Kolu phando kuye kwaqatshelwa ukuba eyona nto ibalulekileyo yile Umsebenzi wemimandla efana ne-amygdala, i-prefrontal cortex, kunye ne-brainstemKunobukhulu bayo, oku kuxhasa ingcamango yokuba imizila yemfuza ibumba iisekethe ezibeka abantu phambi konxunguphalo. Ukwandisa imbono ye-neuroscientific malunga nendlela uxinzelelo oluyichaphazela ngayo ingqondo ekhulayo, jonga izifundo kwi indlela ingqondo esabela ngayo ekuxhatshazweni.
Kwinqanaba lokusingqongileyo, uphando kunye neentsapho zabantu lubonisa ukuba xa umzali wesini esinye Ukuba umzali unengxaki yokuxhalaba, abantwana babo badla ngokukhula ngakumbi xa behlala kunye. Oku kuphakamisa indima ephambili kwi Ukufunda ngokunyanisekileyo kunye nemozulu yosaphoNgaphezu koko, ukunyanga ukuxhalaba kubazali kunokwenza ukunciphisa umngcipheko ebantwaneni.
Iimpawu kunye neempawu kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo
Ukuxhalaba kunokuzibonakalisa kwiinkalo ezintathu: iingcinga neemvakalelo (ukukhathazeka rhoqo, ukoyika ukwenza iimpazamo, imfuneko yokhuseleko), yokuziphatha (ukuphepha isikolo okanye imisebenzi, ukuncamathela okugqithisileyo, ukucaphuka, ukuba yedwa) kunye i-fisiologÃa (ukubetha kwentliziyo, isisu esibuhlungu, intloko ebuhlungu, ukuxinezeleka kwezihlunu, ukuphuthelwa).
- Bantwana: ubunzima bokugxila, amaphupha amabi, ukukhala rhoqo, izikhalazo eziphindaphindiweyo ze-somatic.
- Abakwishumi elivisayo: iinkxalabo malunga nokusebenza kunye nomfanekiso, ukucaphuka, ukuhla kwentsebenzo, ukwala isikolo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, ukufuna rhoqo intuthuzelo.
Ukuqaphela le miqondiso kunye nokwenza ngokukhawuleza kubalulekile kuba ixhala iyanyangeka kakhulu Kwaye ngokukhawuleza ukungenelela kwenzeka, iziphumo ezingcono.
Izinto ezandisa okanye ezinciphisa umngcipheko ekhaya
Iindlela abazali abachaphazela ngayo ukuxhalaba kwabantwana babo ziquka: ukusasazwa kolwazi olusongelayo (iinkcazo zehlabathi njengengozi), imodeli yoloyiko kunye nokuphepha (abantwana bayalinganisa), ukomelezwa kokuziphatha okuxhalabileyo (ukuphepha kuqiniswa) kunye ukhuseleko olugqithisileyo/ulawulo (unciphisa ukuzimela kunye nokuzimela).
- Ukwamkelwa vs. ukwaliwaUkuqinisekisa iimvakalelo ezinzima kunye nomgaqo wokufundisa kunciphisa ubuthathaka; ukuchatshazelwa okuphantsi kunye nokugxekwa okungapheliyo kunxulunyaniswa nokuxhalaba ngakumbi.
- Uvakalelo olubonakalisiweyoAmagqabantshintshi abalulekileyo, ubutshaba, kunye nokubandakanyeka kakhulu ngokweemvakalelo kubazali babantwana abaxhalabileyo ziinjongo zeklinikhi ekufuneka kusetyenzwe kuzo.
- Hyper-umzaliIishedyuli ezixineneyo, ukuthanda ukugqibelela, kunye nokwenzela abantwana oko banokukwenza ngokwabo ukuphakamisa uxinzelelo kunye nokungakhuselekiUkukhuthaza isibindi kunye nokuzimela kuyakhusela.
Iinethiwekhi zentlalo kunye nendlela yokuphila yedijithali
Ukusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi okunzulu kunokubonelela ngoqhagamshelwano, kodwa kwakhona uthelekiso lwentlalo, ubundlavini be-intanethi, kunye noxinzeleloukwanda kokuxhalaba kunye nokuzihlukanisa. Kuyanceda ukuvuma imida yesikrini Njengosapho, khuthazani iindibano zobuso ngobuso, nciphisa ixesha lesikrini ngaphambi kokulala, kwaye nikhumbule oko Imifanekiso idla ngokucocwa.Ngaphaya koko, xa kukho iziqendu zokungcungcuthekiswa okanye ukuxhatshazwa phakathi koontanga, impembelelo iba mandundu (jonga izifundo ezinge ubundlavini kunye nobundlavini).
- Misela umzekelo ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo.
- imisebenzi yokuyila nangaphandle.
- Iibhloko zemihla ngemihla akukho zikrini kumntu wonke.
- Ukususa abafowunelwa kunye nomxholo owonakalisa ukuzithemba.
Yintoni enokwenziwa ngabazali: isikhokelo esisebenzayo
Phendula kwixhala ngendlela elawulwayo
Gcina ithoni uzolile kwaye unethembaQinisekisa uloyiko ngaphandle kokukhusela ngokugqithisileyo kwaye wenze ngokubambisana izisombululo. Kuphephe "akukho nto"; endaweni yoko,Ndinawe kwaye sinokuyibamba. "
Intetho kunye nemodeli yokumelana
Thetha malunga neenkxalabo zakho, sebenzisa ukumamela ngokukhutheleyo kwaye ubuze ukuba yintoni enokunceda. Imodeli yokuzilawula: ukulala, ukuzilolonga, ukuphefumla kunye novelwano ulwimi lwangaphakathi.
Phuhlisa izakhono
Qeqesha ukuphefumla kwe-diaphragmatic, ingqondo, kunye nokuvezwa kancinci kancinci kuloyiko kunye iinjongo ezincinci nezifikelelekayo; zibandakanya ubuchule obusebenzayo njenge Inkqubo yofudo; yomeleza umzamo, hayi umphumo kuphela.
Ukulala ucoceko
Inkqubo eqikelelwayo, amagumbi apholileyo, angenasikrini Iyure engaphambili, ukufunda okanye umculo opholileyo; kubantwana abancinci, izinto zokuthuthuzela.
Ulutsha: ukuzithemba, incoko kunye nokucinga ngokwenyani
Cacisa ukuba ixhala linokubakho uphawu olukhuselayo uze umfundise ukuyisebenzisa njengesikhokelo, kungekhona njengozwilakhe. Gcina a incoko yababini evulekileyo kwaye nivumelane ngezicwangciso zemingeni (iimviwo, ubudlelwane, utshintsho) kunye nezicwangciso ukunciphisa uxinzelelo.
- Ukuhlengahlengiswa kwengqondo: buyisela "andisoze ndikwazi" ngokuthi "ndingaphucula ngokuziqhelanisa".
- UkuzithembaBalaselisa amandla kunye nomzamo ozinzileyo.
- Ulindelo lokwenene: nciphisa ukuthanda ukugqibelela kunye neenjongo ezingqongqo.
- IprosocialityUkunceda abanye kwandisa ingqiqo yomntu yokusebenza ngempumelelo.
Ukuhlaselwa koloyiko: indlela yokwenza
Ngexesha lesiqendu, yiba a ubukho obuzolileyoKhumbula ukuba iimpawu zibukhali kodwa azikho yingozi kwaye ziya kudlula. Isikhokelo ukuphefumla kancinciSebenzisa iziphazamiso ezimnandi, uze uphinde uqalise uqheliselo ukuze uphephe ukuphepha.
Ixesha lokufuna uncedo lwengcali kunye nonyango olusebenzayo
Ukuba ixhala iphazamisana ngendlela ezinzileyoFuna inkxaso. unyango lokuziphatha Ngumgangatho: ufundisa abantwana ukuchonga iingcinga, ukujongana noloyiko, kunye nokulawula imizimba yabo. Ukubandakanyeka kwabazali kuyayiphucula le nto. ukwenziwa ngokubanzi kunye nokugcinwa impumelelo, ngakumbi ukuba uhlengahlengisa izikhokelo zemfundo kunye novakalelo olubonakalisiweyo.
Kwezinye iimeko zibonisiwe amayeza afana ne-SSRIsisoloko ivavanywa ziingcali kwaye, ukuba kunokwenzeka, idityaniswe nonyango lokubonelela ngezakhono ezihlala ixesha elide. Ngaphaya koko, ukujongana ne Ukuxhalaba kwabazali Inokukhusela abantwana ngokunciphisa ukufunda iipatheni ezixhalabileyo.
Ukuxilongwa ngokufanelekileyo kubandakanya udliwano-ndlebe lweklinikhi, imibuzo eqinisekisiweyo, kunye khupha izizathu zonyangoKhumbula ukuba ixhala liyanyangeka kwaye ikhaya a Imeko enamandla yotshintsho Inceda ukudala inkcubeko yosapho yenkalipho kunye nokuzikhathalela.
Ukudibanisa ubungqina bebhayoloji kunye nokusingqongileyo, ukulungelelanisa ubudlelwane bezemfundo (uthando olungakumbi, ukuzimela, kunye nemida enempilo), kunye nokufundisa amaqhinga okumelana nokuguqula iintsapho zibe yintlalontle. eyona antidote ujongene nexhala lobuntwana kunye nokufikisa.
