La Uxinzelelo lwasemva kokubeleka Ihlala ingomnye wemiba engabonakaliyo yokuba ngumama. Nangona kukho inkqubela phambili ekuqaphelweni kweengxaki zempilo yengqondo, abafazi abaninzi eSpain nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu badlula kweli nqanaba bethule, beziva benetyala ngokungayifanelani nembono kamama onoyolo oluthathwa luluntu nje emva kokuzalwa komntwana.
Kunokuba yinto engaqhelekanga, yinto ingxaki yempilo yoluntu enefuthe elikhulu kubomi boomama, ubudlelwane babo nabantwana babo, kwanakwiindlela zeentsapho. Ukungafumani zimpawu, ukunqongophala kwezixhobo ezikhethekileyo, kunye noxinzelelo loluntu kudibanisa ukwenza isiselo esinxilisayo esishiya abafazi abaninzi behamba iinyanga—okanye iminyaka—bengafumani ncedo abaludingayo.
Incwadi ethetha ngoxinzelelo lwasemva kokubeleka
Intatheli evela eMadrid UDiana Oliver Wayefuna ukuchaza le nyaniso ngamazwi ngencwadi yakhe. Ufanele wonwabe: Oko bangakuxelelanga kona malunga nokudakumba emva kokuzalwa, isincoko esithetha ngokupheleleyo impilo yengqondo yoomama kunye nezithunzi ezihamba noomama abaninzi, ngaphaya kweefoto ezintle kunye neentetho ezifakwe iswekile.
UOliver uthi ugqibe ekubeni abhale le ncwadi ukugcwalisa isithuba esingenanto kwiincwadi NgeSpanish, wabhala ngamava oxinzelelo emva kokubeleka. Kangangeminyaka wayezibuza ukuba yintoni kanye kanye ebangela esi sifo: ingaba yingxaki yamahomoni nje, yintoni oomama abayivayo xa yonke into iwa, kwaye kutheni kunzima kangaka ukutsho ngokuvakalayo ukuba awonwabanga njengoko kufanele ukuba wonwabe.
Isihloko, Ufanele wonwabe, ibonisa oko imfuno yoluntu yolonwabo Lo mthwalo uwela koomama, kwanabo baye bazalwa kabuhlungu, batyandwa ngotyando olunzima, okanye bave intlungu emva kotyando. Kwabaninzi, ukulawula impembelelo yomzimba yokuzala kunye nokulindela kwangaphandle ngaxeshanye kuba ngumthwalo onganyamezelekiyo.
Ngokutsho kombhali, abafazi baphatha imodeli "yomama olungileyo" Ukucinga ngaphakathi kangangokuba ukungqubana nenyaniso kunokuba yingozi: ukufumanisa ukuba awuphilile, ukuba awukwazi ukujongana nayo yonke into okanye ukuba awuyiva into oyixelelwe ukuba uza kuvakalelwa kukuba ivelisa umxube wetyala, iintloni kunye noloyiko oluthanda ukuhlala wedwa.
Kwingxelo yakhe, uOliver uyaphola ubungqina bababhali abangabasetyhini abathe babalisa amava abo okuba ngumama, bedala uhlobo lwencoko phakathi kwabafazi, kangangeenkulungwane, ababengabandakanywanga kwincoko malunga nokuba kuthetha ukuthini ukuba ngumama. Ukuza kuthi ga kutshanje, ukhumbula ukuba yayingamadoda awayechaza ubumama kwiincwadi nakwiingcinga, eshiya ecaleni amazwi abo bazibonela ngokwabo.
Isishwankathelo sembali: ukususela kwiXesha Eliphakathi ukuya ekuqwalaselweni kwayo ngoku njengengxaki yempilo yengqondo
Ukuze aqonde apho sivela khona, uOliver wajika waya kwingcali yezinto zakudala. UMarga Sánchez RomeroUmbhali we Imbali yangaphambi kwembali yabasetyhiningenjongo yokulandelela imbali yokudandatheka emva kokubeleka. Ngokwalo msebenzi, izibonakaliso zokuqala ziyavela amabali abafazi bamandulo, ezazithathwa “njengezingenamsebenzi” xa zaphambuka kwindlela eqhelekileyo, kodwa kwakusele kukwinkulungwane ye-19 xa ezinye iindinyana zaqala ukuchaza iimeko ezisondele kwinto esiza kuyichaza ngokucacileyo namhlanje njengengcinezelo yasemva kokubeleka.
Ngoku iyaziwa ngokusemthethweni njenge ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo Le meko ifuna ingqalelo yobungcali, nangona ulwazi loluntu kunye nezixhobo ezikhoyo zisanelanga. Nangona kunjalo, iingxelo zembali zibonisa ukuba oko abafazi abaninzi bahlangabezana nako namhlanje akusiyonto ingaqhelekanga yanamhlanje, kodwa ngamava abelana ngawo kwaye aphindaphindwayo kuyo yonke imbali.
UOliver ukwagxila kwinto ayibiza ngokuba "Ukudandatheka okuncumayo"Le yimeko apho umama, nangona eziva exinezelekile, eziva enyanzelekile ukuba abonakale onwabile, enombulelo, kwaye echwayitile, kwabo basondeleyo kuye nakwimidiya yoluntu. Olu xinzelelo lokugcina umfanekiso wokuba ngumama ogqibeleleyo lusebenza njengomqobo ekufuneni uncedo kwaye lunegalelo ekwenzeni uxinezeleko lube yinto engapheliyo.
Xa sithetha ngokudandatheka emva kokubeleka, umbhali ugxininisa ukuba, asijongani nje kuphela nokudandatheka i-taboo yempilo yengqondoKodwa ikwachasene nokungakholelwa ekubuzeni ngomgangatho "womama olungileyo." Ukuvuma ukuba ukukhulelwa emva kokubeletha akumnandi, okanye ukuba umntu akaziva ethandwa kakhulu kwaye ethandwa ngokukhawuleza, kusabonwa njengokusilela komntu.
Olu ngxubelwano lokuthula lunemiphumo emibi kakhulu: ngokwedatha ecatshulwe ngu-Oliver, kuqikelelwa ukuba eSpain malunga I-75% yamatyala Iimeko ezininzi zokudakumba emva kokuzalwa azifumaneki. Emva kwezi zibalo kukho abafazi abadlula kwixesha lokukhulelwa ngaphandle kwenkxaso ekhethekileyo, bezama ukumelana noko banako.
ISpain neYurophu: ukunqongophala kwezixhobo kwimpilo yengqondo yosana olusandul’ ukuzalwa
Kwimeko yeSpanish, uOliver ugxeka ukunqongophala okuphawulekayo kwezixhobo kwimpilo yengqondo engaphantsi kokuzalwa. Akukhona nje kuphela ukunqongophala kweengcali ezizinikele ngokukodwa ekukhulelweni, ekubelekeni nasekubelekeni, kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi, abasebenzi bezempilo abakhoyo abanalo uqeqesho olufanelekileyo lokufumanisa nokuxhasa olu hlobo lweengxaki ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
Olu kusilela luyinxalenye yemeko yaseYurophu engalinganiyo: ngelixa amanye amazwe eqalile dibanisa impilo yengqondo yosana olusandul' ukuzalwa Nangona abanye beneenkqubo zokhathalelo lwempilo ezineeyunithi ezizinikeleyo, ababelekisi abaqeqeshiweyo, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola ezicwangcisiweyo, abanye bayaqhubeka nokubeka ezi ngxaki ngasemva, benethemba lokuba oomama baya "kuziqhelanisa" ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Iziphumo ziyavakala kokubini kunyango nakwimpilo yemihla ngemihla. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo ebuza rhoqo ngemeko yeemvakalelo yabasetyhini emva kokubeleka, ukudakumba emva kokubeleka kunokungabonakali lula. ifihliwe phantsi kwelebhile yokudinwa“Iimvakalelo” okanye uxinezeleko oluvela ekuziqhelaniseni nomntwana. Oomama abaninzi bagqibela becinga ukuba oko bakuvayo luphawu lokungafaneleki komntu, endaweni yokukuqonda njengesifo esinokunyangwa.
Yiyo loo nto uOliver egxininisa ukuba ukubaluleka kokungabashiyi oomama bodwa Kwixesha lokubeleka: khuthaza abo baziva bengaphili kakuhle ukuba bafune umntu oza kumamela ngokwenene—abanye oomama, abahlobo, amaqela enkxaso—kwaye, xa kunokwenzeka, bafune uncedo lobuchwephesha ngokukhawuleza. Iinethiwekhi zenkxaso ezingekho sesikweni zibalulekile, kodwa azithathi indawo yokhathalelo olukhethekileyo xa uxinzelelo luqala.
Okwangoku, imibutho yoomama kunye namaqela ezempilo yengqondo eSpain ebesoloko efuna iminyaka emininzi. izixhobo zoluntu ezingaphezulu kunye noqeqeshoukuze ukubhaqwa kwangoko kungaxhomekeki kuphela kubuntununtunu bombelekisi, ugqirha wabantwana okanye ugqirha wosapho, kodwa kube yinxalenye yonyango olucwangcisiweyo.
Xa unyango ngexesha lokubeleka lunyusa umngcipheko wokudakumba emva kokubeleka
Ngaphandle kwezinto zebhayoloji nezomntu, uphando olukhulu lwakutshanje luye lwazisa into eyayikade ingathathelwa ngqalelo ngaphambili: umgangatho wobudlelwane bezempilo ngexesha lokuzala kunye nexesha elikhawulezileyo emva kokubeletha. Oko kukuthi, indlela abafazi abavakalelwa ngayo xa bephathwa ngelo xesha lobuthathaka obukhulu.
Olu phando, olwenziwe eFransi lunabantu abangaphezu kwe-100 I-7.000 yabafazi kwaye yapapashwa ngo-2025 phantsi kwesihloko esithi Ukhathalelo olungenantlonelo lukamama kunye nokudakumba emva kokuzalwa kwiinyanga ezi-2: uphando olusekelwe kuluntuIgqiba kwelokuba ukufumana unyango kuthathwa njengokungafanelekanga, ukuhlazisa, okanye ukungakhathali Iyandisa umngcipheko wokudakumba emva kokubeleka malunga nama-37%. iinyanga ezimbini emva kokuzalwa.
Olu luphononongo lokujonga, ngoko ke ababhali balo abanakuqinisekisa ubudlelwane obuthe ngqo phakathi kwesizathu. Nangona kunjalo, ngokutsho kwengcali yezengqondo yoluntu UPatricia Catalá, uprofesa kwiYunivesithi yaseRey Juan Carlos kunye nomphandi oyintloko weprojekthi yeMdMadre kwimpilo yokuzala, le ndlela icacileyo ayinciphisi ukubaluleka kwayo Ngokwembono yakhe, olu nyango lukhulayo lubeka uhlobo lonyango olufunyenweyo njengesizathu esinempembelelo yokwenyani yezonyango, kwaye ngaphezu koko, olunokutshintshwa.
Ugqirha wengqondo U-Ibone Olza, umlawuli we-European Institute of Perinatal Mental Health, uyavuma ukuba unayo bayithatha kancinci impembelelo yonyango lwezempilo malunga nempilo yengqondo yoomama. Uthi, izifundo ezinje zisenza sikwazi ukubona ngedatha oko abafazi abaninzi bebekuxela kangangeminyaka: ukuba amava okuzalwa aphilwa njengobundlobongela, abandayo okanye angenabuntu anokushiya amanxeba anzulu.
Ngokutsho kuka-Olza, ukuzala nokuzala emva kokuzalwa zizihlandlo ubuthathaka obukhulu kakhulu ngokweemvakaleloNgokwembono yengqondo, umzimba kamama uneenkqubo zokuphendula uxinzelelo ezisebenzayo, kwaye ingqondo ivakalelwa kakhulu ziimpawu zobungozi okanye ukhuseleko. Kule meko, intetho ehlazisayo okanye ukungenelela ngaphandle kwemvume kunokuba nempembelelo enkulu ngokweemvakalelo.
Inkathalo engenantlonelo: ukusuka kugonyamelo oluthethwayo ukuya ekungaxhaswani
Idatha evela kuphando lwaseFransi icacile: omnye kwabane abafazi Abo baphandweyo baxele ukuba bafumene unyango olungenantlonelo kumama ngexesha lokubeleka okanye emva kokubeletha. Oku kuquka amagama, izenzo, okanye izimo zengqondo abazifumana zicaphukisa okanye zibuhlungu, ukususela ubundlobongela obungokwasemzimbeni, ngamazwi okanye ngokwesondo kuquka ukungenelela kwezonyango okungekho mthethweni, ukwaphulwa kobumfihlo, ukungakhathali, ukwala ukunakekelwa, ukuzalwa kosana, ukutyhola, okanye ukukhutshwa ekwenzeni izigqibo.
Phakathi kwabafazi ababike olu hlobo lonyango, Ama-38% athi akhe ahlangabezana nako ngexesha lokubelekaNgelixa ama-72% ebeke ingxaki ephambili ngexesha lokuhlala esibhedlele emva kokubeleka. Ngamanye amazwi, ingxaki ayipheleli nje kwixesha lokuzalwa, kodwa iqhubeka ukuya kwiintsuku ezilandelayo, xa umama echacha ngokwasemzimbeni kwaye eqala ukusondelana nomntwana.
U-Olza ugxininisa ukuba xa umfazi ephuma ekuzalweni okunzima—umzekelo, ukubeleka ngotyando okungacwangciswanga—udinga inyameko nenkxaso eyongezelelweyoKwezi meko, uncedo lokuqala lokuncancisa, ulawulo olufanelekileyo lweentlungu, ukuphepha ukwahlukana okungeyomfuneko kukamama nomntwana, kunye nokunika inkxaso esondeleyo nenentlonelo kubalulekile.
Xa oku kungenzeki, inkumbulo yokuzalwa inokubhalwa njengesikhumbuzo amava abuhlunguImvakalelo yokuba awuphathwanga kakuhle, yokuba awuphulaphulwanga, okanye yokuba unyanzelwe ukwamkela amanyathelo athile idibene nokudinwa kunye nobunzima bexesha lokukhulelwa, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho iimpawu zokudakumba.
KuPatricia Catalá, iziphumo zolu phononongo zithuba lokucinga ngokutsha ukuba kuthetha ukuthini ngokwenene hamba nomfazi Ngexesha lokukhulelwa, ukuzala, kunye nexesha emva kokubeletha, akupheleli nje ekunikezeni ulwazi okanye ekusebenziseni imigaqo yezonyango, uyacacisa, kodwa malunga nokuba khona ngokwenene, ukumamela, kunye nokuhlonipha ixesha leemvakalelo zomama ngamnye.
Uqeqesho, ukuqhubeka kwenkathalo kunye notshintsho kwimodeli
Ngaphandle nje kokukhomba iindlela zokuziphatha ezingamkelekanga, iCatalá icebisa ukusebenzisa olu lwazi njenge igiya ngaphakathi kwiinkqubo zonyango. Uthi, oku kukhaphayo kubandakanya ukubonelela ngoluvo lokhuseleko lweemvakalelo, into efunekayo ngakumbi kwiimeko zoloyiko, iintlungu, ukungaqiniseki okanye ukuphelelwa lulawulo, iimeko ezixhaphakileyo ekubelekeni nasemva kokubeleka.
Enyanisweni, oku kuquka ukuqinisa uqeqesho kwimpilo yengqondo engaphambi kokubelekaIndlela esekwe kwintlungu kunye nezakhono zokuxhasa ezihloniphekileyo nazo zibalulekile. Ngaphezu koko, ukuphucula iinkalo zombutho ezifana namaxesha okubonisana kunye nokuzinza kwamaqela obuchwephesha kubalulekile ekulungiseleleni unyango olulungiselelwe umntu ngamnye nolungaqhekekanga kangako.
U-Ibone Olza ukwatsalela ingqalelo kwi umsantsa phakathi kwesibhedlele kunye nonyango oluphambiliKwiimeko ezininzi, amaqela abeza kuzala acinga ukuba umfazi ubuyele ekhaya kakuhle, ngaphandle kokufumana ingxelo yokwenyani yokuba unjani emva kweenyanga ezimbini, xa iimpawu zokudakumba ezinxulumene namava zinokubonakala okanye zibe mandundu.
Kungoko ke ukubaluleka kokuba ne ukuhamba kolwazi okuphuculweyo phakathi kwezibhedlele kunye namaziko ezempilo, kwaye amanani afana nababelekisi adlala indima ephambili ekufumaneni kunye nenkxaso elandelayo. Ukuba akukho mntu ubuza ngokucacileyo ukuba umama unjani emva kwexesha elithile emva kokubeleka, kulula ukuba ingqwalasela ibe kusana kuphela kwaye imeko yeemvakalelo yomfazi ingajongwa.
U-Olza ukwagxininisa kwimfuneko yokunyamekela impilo yengqondo yabasebenzi bezempilo ngokwaboImihla yokusebenza engapheliyo, ukunqongophala kwezixhobo, uxinzelelo lokubonelela ngononophelo, kunye nokutshintshatshintshana kwemisebenzi kuyabachaphazela. Ukulindela abo basebenza phantsi kwezi meko ukuba baxhase ngokwaneleyo uxinzelelo lwengqondo loomama ngaphandle kokuba nenkxaso yabo yempilo yengqondo, ngokombono wabo, akunakwenzeka.
Ngaphaya kwama-hormone: izinto ezibangela umngcipheko kunye nokuthintela
Uphando oluqokelelwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje lubonisa ukuba izinto ezinokubangela uxinezeleko emva kokubeleka Zidlula kakhulu utshintsho lweehomoni. Iziganeko zobomi ezibangela uxinezeleko ngexesha lokukhulelwa—iingxaki zemali, ukungaqiniseki emsebenzini, iingxabano zobudlelwane, ukufelwa kutshanje—kunye nembali yomntu yeengxaki zengqondo okanye zengqondo, ngokucacileyo ziyandisa ubuthathaka.
Kongezelelwa kulo mxholo kukho ndidiniweUkungabikho kokuphumla, iimfuno zokuba ngumama omtsha, kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, uthungelwano oluncinci lwenkxaso. Ukwenziwa kobumama ngendlela efanelekileyo kukhokelela ekubeni abafazi abaninzi balindele ukuba balawule yonke into ngaphandle kokukhalaza, bahlehlise iimfuno zabo okanye bazive benetyala ngokucela uncedo.
Iziphumo zolu xinzelelo azichaphazeli umama kuphela. Izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba Iimpawu zokudakumba zingonakalisa impendulo ebukhali kwiimfuno zomntwana zomzimba nezeemvakalelo, nto leyo eyonyusa uxinzelelo lwakhe kwaye ilungelelanise uphuhliso lwakhe lwengqondo, lwentlalo nolweemvakalelo kwixesha eliphakathi nelide.
Ulwalamano lwasekuqaleni lunokuphazamiseka: umama odandathekileyo kakhulu udla ngokubonisa inzondelelo encinci ekunyamekeleni umntwana, unxibelelwano oluncinci, kunye nokungakwazi ukuva iimvakalelo zakhe, nto leyo, xa idibene nobunzima bokuncancisa nokudinwa, inokukhokelela ekukhupheni umntwana eluswini kwangethuba okanye kwiingxabano ezongezelelweyo zentsapho.
Kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu, xa kudityaniswe uxinzelelo olukhulu, iingcinga zokuzibulala, okanye iingcinga eziphazamisayo malunga nokwenzakalisa umntwana, umngcipheko uyanda kakhulu. Yiyo loo nto iingcali zigxininisa ukubaluleka ukubaluleka kokuchongwa kwangethuba kwaye bathathe naluphi na utshintsho oluqhubekayo lweemvakalelo ngokungathi sína, endaweni yokuluthatha njengento "eyenzeka emva kokubeleka."
Indima yenkxaso yeemvakalelo, inethiwekhi yoluntu, kunye nemikhwa yokuphila
Iingcali zempilo yengqondo ngexesha lokukhulelwa zigxininisa ukuba, nangona uxinezeleko emva kokuzalwa lungasoloko luthintelwa, lunokuncitshiswa. ukunciphisa iingozi kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yazo ngokuthintela kunye nenkxaso. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kukuqala ukuthetha ngeemvakalelo ngexesha lokukhulelwa, ngaphandle kokunciphisa uloyiko, usizi, okanye ukungavisisani okuvakala ngabafazi abaninzi.
Ukwabelana ngezinto ojongene nazo neqabane lakho, usapho, okanye abahlobo obathembayo, kunye nabanye oomama, kuyanceda phula uvakalelo lokuba wedwa kwaye ayifumaneki rhoqo. Amaqela enkxaso yokuncancisa kunye neyokuba ngumama, kokubini ubuso ngobuso nakwi-intanethi, anokusebenza njengeendawo ezikhuselekileyo apho ukungakhululeki kuqheleka khona kwaye kunikwa izixhobo ezisebenzayo.
Kugxininiswa nokubaluleka kokuthatha ingqalelo epheleleyo. imikhwa esisiseko yokuphilaUkutya ukutya okunesondlo, ukuphepha utywala nezinye izinto ezinxilisayo, kunye nokwenza umthambo othambileyo, njengokuhamba, nanini na xa kunokwenzeka ngokwezonyango, kubalulekile. Nangona kungengomlingo, ezi ntsika zinceda ekuxhaseni ngcono isimo sengqondo somntu.
Ngokuphathelele ukuncancisa, iingcali ezininzi zithi, ukongeza kwizibonelelo zayo zesondlo, inokukhuthaza unxibelelwano lweemvakalelo kunye nokukhululwa kwe-oxytocin, enxulunyaniswa neemvakalelo zokuzola kunye nonxibelelwano. Nangona kunjalo, bagxininisa ukuba akufuneki kube ngumthombo wokuziva unetyala: eyona nto iphambili yimpilo yengqondo kamama kunye nokhuseleko lomntwana, kunye nohlobo lokutya olusebenzayo kubo bobabini.
Ekugqibeleni, ingcebiso ekwabelwana ngayo icacile: xa ujongene nosizi olude, ukungakhathali, ixhala elikhulu, iimvakalelo zokungabi naxabiso, okanye iingcinga zokuzilimaza, kubalulekile. qhagamshelana neengcali zempilo yengqondo baqeqeshwe kukhathalelo lwangaphambi kokubeleka. Ukucela uncedo ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunokwenza umahluko omkhulu kokubini ekuchacheni komama nakwimpilo-ntle yomntwana kunye nendawo akuyo.
Lonke olu qokelelo lwamazwi eengcali, idatha yesayensi, kunye nobungqina boncwadi lukhomba kwicala elinye: ukudakumba emva kokuzalwa akuyonto ingaqhelekanga okanye isiphene somntu, kodwa ingxaki enzima neyi-multifactorial Ikhuthazwa ziimeko ezithile zentlalo, zempilo, nezenkcubeko. Ukuyibiza ngegama, ukuyifundisisa ngokucokisekileyo, ukuphucula ukhathalelo ngexesha lokubeleka kunye nokwasemva kokubeleka, kunye nokuqinisekisa izixhobo ezithile zempilo yengqondo ngexesha lokubeleka ngamanyathelo abalulekileyo ukuze oomama namhlanje nangomso bangadluli kweli nqanaba bodwa okanye bazive ngathi ukuba abonwabanga, kungenxa yokuba kukho into engaphakathi kubo eyaphukileyo.