Iimvavanyo zobukrelekrele: yintoni abalinganisa ngayo, iintlobo eziphambili kunye nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo

Ubukrelekrele budla ngokuchazwa njengamandla abantu abanawo bafunde, qonda, ukuqiqa, tolika ulwazi y ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezintshaEnkosi kobu buchule sinokwenza umbono wokwenyani, senze izigqibo kwaye siphuhlise izicwangciso ezisebenzayo zokusombulula iingxaki ezahlukeneyo ezivela kubomi bonke.

Ukulinganisa into entsokothileyo njengobukrelekrele akukho lula. Nangona kunjalo, kwimbali yonke, izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ziye zayilwa. Uvavanyo lokuqonda Ezi mvavanyo zivumela uvandlakanyo olusemgangathweni lwezakhono ezahlukeneyo zengqondo. Eli nqaku lichaza ngokweenkcukacha ukuba ezi mvavanyo zibandakanya ntoni, ukusetyenziswa kwazo, iintlobo zeemvavanyo ezikhoyo, kwaye zeziphi izilumkiso ekufuneka zithathwe xa kutolika iziphumo.

Yintoni uvavanyo lobukrelekrele?

G. Ukudika uchaze iimvavanyo zobuntlola ngokulula kakhulu: naluphi na uvavanyo oluyilelwe ukulinganisa ubukrelekreleLe ngcaciso ibanzi kakhulu kuba eyona mbono yobukrelekrele intsonkothile kwaye ivelise iingxoxo ezininzi zethiyori. Ngokwembono ebonakalayo, uvavanyo lobuntlola lu uvavanyo lwengqondo esemgangathweni elinganisa ukusebenza komntu kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo enxulumene nokuqiqa, inkumbulo, ukuqonda kunye nokusombulula iingxaki.

Ngokwesiqhelo, uninzi lwezi mvavanyo zikhokelela ekubeni a i-intelligence quotient (IQ)Ixabiso lamanani elimele ukusebenza kwengqondo yomntu xa kuthelekiswa nomndilili wabemi abakwiminyaka efanayo. Ukongeza kwi-IQ iyonke, iibhetri ezininzi zibonelela amanqaku athile kwiindawo ezifana nokuqonda ngomlomo, ukuqiqa ngokwamanani, inkumbulo yokusebenza, okanye umbutho we-visuospatial.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba uvavanyo lobuntlola alunikezeli nje inani. Xa ilawulwa ngokuchanekileyo, ikwabonelela a iprofayili eneenkcukacha yamandla okuqonda kunye nobuthathakaOlu lwazi luluncedo kakhulu kwiinkalo ezifana nezesayikholoji yezonyango, imfundo, okanye isikhokelo somsebenzi.

Ubukrelekrele kunye neethiyori zengqondo ezinxulumene novavanyo

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kuye kwacetywa iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. iimodeli ukucacisa ukuba yintoni ubukrelekrele kwaye bulungelelaniswe njani:

• ithiyori ye-g-factorSpearman wenze isiphakamiso sokuba kukho a ingqondo jikelele factor (g factor) ecacisa ukusebenza kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemisebenzi yengqiqo. Iimvavanyo ezininzi zakudala zizama ukuqikelela le g factor.
• Ulwelo kunye nobukrelekrele obukhazimlisiweyoURaymond Cattell wahlula phakathi ubukrelekrele fluid (ukukwazi ukusombulula iingxaki ezintsha, ukuqiqa ngokungekho ngqiqweni) kunye ubukrelekrele obukhazimlisiweyo (ulwazi nezakhono ezifunyenwe ngamava nemfundo).
• Ithiyori yezinto ezimbini kunye neemodeli zenqanaba: ababhali abahlukeneyo banemifuziselo ecetywayo apho into eqhelekileyo ihlangana kunye ne-multiple izinto ezithile (amanani, ngomlomo, ngokwesithuba, njl.njl.), ezikwalinganiswa ngeemvavanyo ezininzi.
• Ithiyori kaGardner yeengqondo ezininzi: iphakamisa ubukho bobuncinci beendlela ezisixhenxe zobuntlola: ulwimi, ingqiqo-mathematika, indawo, umculo, umzimba-kinesthetic kunye neendlela ezimbini zobulumko bomntu (phakathi komntu kunye nomntu). Nangona le ngcamango ithathwa ngokusondeleyo kwingcamango ye iitalente Ingqikelelo yobukrelekrele obahlukeneyo ibe nefuthe kuyilo lweenkqubo zemfundo kunye nokuqonda okudumileyo kobukrelekrele.

Iimvavanyo zeClassical psychometric zijolise ikakhulu kwimilinganiselo izifundo zolwimi, Ingcali yezibalo y i-visuospatialezizezona kanye ziqikelela ngcono ukusebenza kwezemfundo kunye nemisebenzi ethile yomsebenzi.

Lubandakanya ntoni uvavanyo lobuntlola?

Uvavanyo lobuntlola ludla ngokuba nezininzi ubunzima obukhulayoNgamnye uvavanya inkalo ethile yolwazi. Eminye imizekelo yemisebenzi eqhelekileyo yile:

• Ukusombulula ingxaki: ukugqiba uluhlu lwamanani, ukuchonga iipateni ezinengqiqo, ukufumanisa umgaqo ocwangcisa ulandelelwano.
• Ukuqonda ngomlomo: chaza amagama, fumana izithethantonye kunye nezichasi, qonda amabinzana okanye izicatshulwa ezimfutshane.
• Memoria: ukuphinda uthotho lwamanani ukuya phambili nangasemva, ukukhumbula uluhlu lwamagama okanye ukulandelelana kwemifanekiso.
• Ukuqiqa kwendawo okanye i-visuospatial: amanani ajikelezayo ngengqondo, ukugqibezela iipuzzle okanye iityhubhu, ukuchonga isiqwenga esingekhoyo kwimatrix.
• Isantya sokuqhubekeka: ukufanisa iisimboli kunye namanani, ngokukhawuleza ukuphawula izivuseleli ezithile ezilandela umgaqo.

Ngokovavanyo, imisebenzi inokubonakaliswa ngeendlela ezilandelayo: ngomlomo (esebenzisa ulwimi) okanye hayi ngomlomo (amanani, iisimboli, imizobo). Kwiifomathi zanamhlanje, zombini zisetyenziswa iinguqulelo zephepha njengaye izicelo zedijithalingaphandle kokuba imigaqo yokubeka emgangathweni kunye nokuchaneka kuyagcinwa.

Zithini iimvavanyo zobukrelekrele?

Iimvavanyo zobuntlola zisivumela ukuba sigqibe amanqanaba anxulumeneyo namandla engqondo yomntu. Ngolu lwazi, izifundo malunga nokusebenza kwengqondo kunye nobuntu zinokuphuhliswa, kunye nezigqibo ezibalulekileyo zinokwenziwa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.

Phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwayo okuphambili zi:

• Ukuxilongwa kokukhubazeka kwengqondo kokubini kubantwana nakubantu abadala, eququzelela ukufikelela kwabo kwimfundo efanelekileyo, inkxaso yezempilo kunye nentlalontle.
• Ukufunyanwa kokuphazamiseka kokufunda njengaye idyslexia, i-dyscalculia okanye ubunzima bolwimi oluthile, ngokudibanisa nolunye uvavanyo olukhethekileyo.
• Uvavanyo lweengxaki ze-neurodevelopmental (umzekelo, i-ASD okanye i-ADHD), apho iprofayili yezakhono zokuqonda inceda ukuyila ungenelelo lobuqu.
• Ukuchongwa kwezakhono eziphezulu kunye nesiphiwoukuze ezi profayili zifumane iinkqubo zemfundo ezityetyisiweyo ezivuselela isakhono sabo.
• Isikhokelo semfundo: inkxaso kwizigqibo malunga nokufakwa kwesikolo, ukulungiswa kwekharityhulam nokukhethwa kwamakhondo ezifundo ngokusekelwe kwiprofayili yokuqonda.
• Isikhokelo somsebenzi kunye nomsebenzi: nceda ekuchongeni imisebenzi okanye amacandelo okufunda ahambelana namandla obukrelekrele bomntu.
• Uvavanyo lokukhubazeka emsebenzini, kumxholo we-inshorensi, ikhefu lokugula, okanye ukuxilongwa kwezonyango.
• I-Clinical Psychodiagnostics kumntwana kunye nezigulane zabantu abadala, igalelo kuvavanyo lulonke lokusebenza kwabo ngokwasengqondweni.
• Ukubeka iliso kwiingxaki zengqondo ezifunyenweyo, ezifana nokukhubazeka okuphakathi kwengqondo okanye ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukuthelekisa iziphumo ekuhambeni kwexesha.
• Uvavanyo lwempumelelo yonyango ukuvuselelwa kwengqondo, imfundo okanye neuropsychological, ukujonga utshintsho ekusebenzeni kwengqondo emva kokungenelela.

Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, abanye abantu babhenela kwiimvavanyo zobuntlola kuba umdla wobuqu, ngenxa sazane ngcono, baqonde ukuba kutheni begqwesa kwimisebenzi ethile okanye kutheni befumana eminye inzima ngakumbi, kwaye bacinge ngeendlela zokuphucula.

Iinzuzo zokuthatha uvavanyo lobuntlola

Xa uvandlakanyo luqhutywa nge izixhobo eziqinisekisiweyo Kwaye kunye neengcali eziqeqeshiweyo, izibonelelo zinokubaluleke kakhulu:

1. UkuzaziUkwazi iprofayile yakho yokuqonda kuvumela umntu ukuba aqonde amandla (umzekelo, izakhono zokuqiqa ngomlomo) kunye iindawo zokuphucula (ezifana nenkumbulo yokusebenza okanye ingqalelo ezinzileyo).
2. Ukubona kwangethuba iingxaki: ukusebenza okuphantsi ngokungalindelekanga kunokubonisa ubukho be ukuphazamiseka kokufunda, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, okanye ubunzima be-neuropsychological ezifuna ingqalelo.
3. Ukuphucula ukusebenza kwezemfundo okanye umsebenziNgokwazi ukuba bubuphi na ubuchule umntu agqwesa kubo yaye kobuphi na angasebenziyo kakuhle, ubani unokuyila iindlela zokufunda o Imikhwa yokusebenza iqinile.
4. Uyilo longenelelo lobuquIingcali (iingcali zengqondo, iingcali zentetho, abafundisi) basebenzisa iziphumo ukuphuhlisa izicwangciso zongenelelo ezilungisiweyo kwiimfuno ezithile zomntu ovavanywayo.

Kunini apho kunokuba luncedo ukwenza uvavanyo lwengqondo xa umdala?

Nangona iimvavanyo zobuntlola zihlala zinxulunyaniswa nobuntwana, Zikwaluncedo kakhulu kubantu abadala.Ezinye zezizathu eziqhelekileyo zokucela olu mvavanyo zezi:

• Ubunzima bengqondo obuzingisileyo: iingxaki eziphindaphindiweyo ngokugxininiswa, imemori, ukuqonda ngomlomo, okanye ukuxazulula iingxaki ezichaphazela ukusebenza kwemihla ngemihla.
• Uphononongo lwentsebenzo yezemfundo okanye yobungcali: Ukuziva ungaqhubi kwinqanaba elilindelekileyo okanye yokungabusebenzisi ngokupheleleyo ubuchule bomntu emsebenzini.
• Ukufunyanwa kweenguqu zengqondo: ukrokrela ukuba ukusebenza kwengqondo kutshintshile ngenxa yezinto ezifana noxinzelelo olunzulu, ukudakumba, ukwenzakala, ukusebenzisa iziyobisi, okanye ukwaluphala.
• Umdla wobuqu kunye nophuhliso: umnqweno wokuqonda ngcono indlela esebenza ngayo ingqondo yomntu ukuze uyile isicwangciso sokukhula esilungelelanisiweyo somntu okanye sobungcali.

Uzilungiselela njani kwaye ulindele ntoni kuvavanyo lobuntlola

Nangona iimvavanyo zobuntlola zingalinganisi ulwazi oluthile lwezifundo, ziyenzeka lungisa iimeko ukwenza ngokusemandleni akho:

• Phumla ngokwaneleyo kusuku olungaphambili, ekubeni ukungabikho kokulala kuphazamisa ingqalelo, imemori, kunye nesantya sokucubungula.
• Yitya kancinci Phambi kovavanyo, kunqanda ukutya okunzima okanye okuneswekile eninzi okunokubangela ukozela okanye i-spikes yamandla elandelwa kukudinwa.
• Unciphise ixhala ngeendlela zokuphumla okanye zokuphefumla, ukukhumbula ukuba injongo yovavanyo kukufumana ulwazi oluluncedo, kungekhona ukuphumelela uviwo lwesikolo.
• ziphephe iziphazamiso ngexesha lovavanyo (ifowuni ephathwayo, ingxolo, ukuphazamiseka), ngakumbi kwiimvavanyo ezizilawulayo.

Kuqhelekile ukuba:

• La Ixesha Isuka kwimizuzu engama-30 ukuya kwiiyure ze-2, kuxhomekeke kwisixhobo.
• La ubunzima Iyanda ngokuqhubekayo, ngoko kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba izinga lokuphendula licothe njengoko izinto ziqhubeka.
• Ingcali kufuneka ichaze ngokucacileyo imiyalelo kwaye, ekugqibeleni, isandla kwi-a ingxelo apho amanqaku, utoliko, kunye nezindululo ziqokelelwa khona.

Indlela yokutolika iziphumo zovavanyo lobuntlola

Uninzi lweemvavanyo lubonisa ubukrelekrele ngomlinganiselo we CINangona iindidi zinokwahluka kancinci ngokuxhomekeke kwisixhobo, iskimu esiqhelekileyo sesi:

NDIYABONA I-130 okanye ngaphezulu	Ulunge kakhulu (unesiphiwo)
CI phakathi 120 kunye ne129	Uphakeme
CI phakathi 110 kunye ne119	Iphakathi nendawo
CI phakathi 90 kunye ne109	Isiqingatha
CI phakathi 80 kunye ne89	Phakathi-ezantsi
CI phakathi 70 kunye ne79	Ephantsi
NDIYABONA 69 okanye ngaphantsi	Ukusilela
CI phakathi 50 kunye ne69	Ukusilela kancinci
CI phakathi 35 kunye ne49	Ukusilela ngokuphakathi
NDIYABONA 35 okanye ngaphantsi	Ukusilela kakhulu

Ixabiso eliphezulu okanye eliphantsi kufuneka litolikwe kumxholoInqanaba lemfundo, ulwimi, imeko yeemvakalelo, impilo yomzimba, inkuthazo, inkcubeko, kunye namava ovavanyo lwangaphambili anokuba nefuthe elibonakalayo kumanqaku. Ngoko ke, izigqibo ezibalulekileyo azifanele zisekelwe kwisiphumo esinye, esizimeleyo.

Unyino kunye nemingcipheko yovavanyo lobuntlola

Nangona iimvavanyo zobuntlola zizixhobo ezixabisekileyo, zikwabonisa ukulinganiselwa oko kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo:

• Abayilinganisi yonke imilinganiselo yobukrelekrele bomntuimiba efana ngqondweniUbuchule bokuyila, ubulumko obusebenzisekayo, okanye izakhono zentlalo azidli ngokubonakaliswa kwezi zixhobo.
• Ukuthambekela okunokwenzeka kwenkcubekoUlwimi, imizekelo esetyenzisiweyo, kunye nendlela yokuqiqa efunekayo zisenokuthandeka kubantu abathile imeko yemfundo okanye yenkcubeko.
• Impembelelo yeemeko zemekoUkukhathala, ukuxhalaba, ukugula, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, okanye iingxaki zomntu zinokuchaphazela ukusebenza ngexesha lovavanyo.
• Umngcipheko wokulebhileUkusebenzisa amanqaku e-IQ njengeleyibhile emiselweyo kunokunciphisa ukulindela, ukukhuthaza ubandlululo, okanye ukunciphisa ukuzithemba komntu ovavanywayo.

Ngoko ke, iimvavanyo kufuneka zilawulwe kwaye zitolikwe ngu iingcali zengqondoukudibanisa iziphumo ngaphakathi kovavanyo olubanzi olubandakanya udliwano-ndlebe, ukubonwa kweklinikhi kunye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ezinye iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo.

Iintlobo zomxholo kwiimvavanyo zobuntlola

Ukongeza kumahluko phakathi kovavanyo lomntu ngamnye kunye neqela, ababhali abaninzi bahlela iimvavanyo ngokohlobo lwezakhono abazivavanyayo. Ezinye zezona zixhaphakileyo zezi:

• Uvavanyo lolwazi olufunyenweyoBalinganisa iqondo le ukufunda kwiinkalo ezithileezifana neemviwo zesikolo okanye iimvavanyo zobuchule bolawulo. Nangona zibonelela ngolwazi malunga nendlela eziqhuba ngayo ezifundweni, ixabiso labo njengomlinganiselo wobukrelekrele ngokubanzi lilinganiselwe, ekubeni zixhomekeke kakhulu kwimfundo efunyenweyo.
• Uvavanyo lobukrelekrele bomlomoBavavanya umthamo woku ukuqonda nokusebenzisa ulwimi, ukutyeba kwesigama, ukufunda ukuqonda kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwengcamango ngamagama.
• Uvavanyo lobuntlola lwamananiBagxininisa kwi ukusombulula iingxaki zemathematikaUkuphatha amanani, uthotho, kunye nemisebenzi ye-arithmetic esisiseko okanye entsonkothileyo.
• Uvavanyo lobuntlola olusengqiqweniBalinganisa i ukukwazi ukuqiqa kunye nokuqiqa, ukuhlalutya indlela iingcamango ezinxibelelana ngayo ngaphaya komxholo othile.

Iimvavanyo ezininzi zeklinikhi zidibanisa zonke ezi zixhobo zibe yibhetri enye, nto leyo evumela umfanekiso opheleleyo wokusebenza kwengqondo yomntu.

Ngubani onokuqhuba uvavanyo lobuntlola?

iimvavanyo Intelligence ukusetyenziswa yobungcali izixhobo ezikhuselweyo ekufuneka ilawulwe kwaye itolikwe kuphela ziingcali eziqeqeshiweyo, ngokwesiqhelo Iingcali zengqondo zeklinikhi, iisayikholoji zemfundo okanye iingcali kwi-neuropsychology. Ezi ngcali ziqhelene nemigaqo yokulinganisa, imilinganiselo yokufumana amanqaku, iimpawu zengqondo, kunye nokulinganiselwa kovavanyo ngalunye.

Kumazwe amaninzi, umthetho ulawula ukuba ngubani onokuthi alawule ezi mvavanyo kwaye kweziphi iimeko, ngokuchanekileyo ukukhusela umsebenzisi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zisetyenziswa ngokusesikweni nangemfanelo.

Imbali yovavanyo lobuntlola

Imbali yomlinganiselo wobuntlola ibuyela emva kumsebenzi we UFrancis GaltonUGalton, uthathwa njengoyise wovavanyo lwengqondo, wayenomdla kubudlelwane phakathi ilifa kunye namandla omntu Waba nguvulindlela wokusetyenziswa kwezibalo ukufunda iimpawu ezifana ne-sensory acuity kunye nexesha lokuphendula. Iinzame zakhe zangaphambili zokulinganisa ubukrelekrele ngovavanyo lweemvakalelo zangqineka zingasebenzi, kodwa zahlahl’ indlela yophuhliso lwamva.

Emva kwexesha UAlfred Binet kunye nogqirha wengqondo Théodore Simon Bayila uvavanyo lokuqala lobuntlola olunempumelelo. Injongo yabo yayikukufanisa abantwana ubunzima bengqondo ababefuna inkxaso yemfundo ethile. Bazisa ingcamango ye ubudala bengqondo, eyayithelekisa indlela aqhuba ngayo umntwana nomyinge weqela lakhe lobudala.

Izikali eziphuhliswe yiBinet zatshintshwa kwamanye amazwe. Kumxholo we-Anglo-Saxon, Lewis Terman Waphonononga kwaye wandisa iimvavanyo, ekhokelela kuvavanyo olwaziwayo EStanford-Binet, apho ingcamango ye IQNgaphaya koko, ngexesha leemfazwe, iinguqulelo ezidityanelweyo zaphuhliswa ukulungiselela ukugaywa emkhosini, njenge Iimviwo zomkhosi weAlpha kunye neBetanto leyo eyavumela amaqela amakhulu ukuba avavanywe ngexesha elifutshane.

UDavid wechslerKwelakhe icala, wenze igalelo elibalulekileyo ngokuyila izikali ezidibanisa imisebenzi yomlomo nengathethwayo, nto leyo eyabangela abadumileyo. Izikali ze-Wechsler kubantu abadala kunye nabantwana. Umsebenzi wakhe womeleza ingcamango yokuba ubukrelekrele abuyilonqaku elinye, kodwa liqela lezakhono ezinxulumeneyo.

Zisetyenziselwa ntoni iimvavanyo zobuntlola? (indlela yemfundo nophuhliso)

Ukususela ebuntwaneni, abantu babonisa izingqisho zophuhliso kunye nezakhono ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Uvavanyo lobukrelekrele lunceda:

• Ukuseka uqikelelo lwezakhono ngokweminyaka, ukufumanisa ukuba umntwana unazo na izakhono ezihambele phambili kakhulu okanye zilibaziseke kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nomndilili.
• Ukucacisa ubudlelwane phakathi kweminyaka yobudala bengqondo kunye nobudala bokulandelelanaOku kuvumela ukuchongwa kweemeko zombini zezakhono eziphezulu kunye nobunzima obubalulekileyo bokuqonda.
• Yila iinkxaso zemfundo ezilungiselelweyoukulungelelanisa inqanaba lemfuno, izixhobo kunye nesantya somsebenzi kwiimpawu zomfundi.
• Iintsapho ezikhokelayoukubonelela ngolwazi olunenjongo kunye nezikhokelo zokuxhasa ngcono uphuhliso lwengqondo lwabantwana babo.

Naphezu kokusebenziseka kwayo, kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula ukuba umphumo wovavanyo lwengqondo ayichazi Yonke into umntwana ayiyo okanye aya kuba yiyo ixhomekeke kwiimeko zakhe. Iinzame, inkuthazo, inkxaso yosapho, amathuba emfundo, kunye nemeko-bume yentlalo nazo ziyiphembelela ngokunzulu ikhondo labo.

Iindidi zovavanyo lobukrelekrele

Iimvavanyo zobukrelekrele zabelana nenjongo yokulinganisa izakhono zokuqonda, kodwa ziyahluka ngokwazo indlela, abantu ekujoliswe kubo y ifomu yokufaka isiceloOlunye ulwahlulo oluxhaphake kakhulu lwahlula phakathi kovavanyo umntu ngamnye y uvavanyo iingqokelela okanye amaqela, apho kuthatyathwe khona izixhobo ezithile ezininzi.

Uvavanyo lomntu ngamnye lobukrelekrele

Iimvavanyo zobuntlola zomntu ngamnye zisetyenziselwa umntu omnye ngexeshaZijolise kuvavanyo lulonke lwezakhono zokuqonda zomntu ngamnye kwaye zivumela uqwalaselo oluchanekileyo kakhulu lokuziphatha ngexesha lovavanyo.

Phakathi kweempawu zayo eziphambili ukuma:

• Indlela yehlabathi jikeleleBafuna ukuvavanya ngendlela eqhelekileyo izakhono zokuqonda (ingqalelo, inkumbulo, ukuqiqa, ukuqonda ngomlomo kunye nabanye).
• Ukuqwalaselwa ngokuthe ngqoUmhloli unokubona iimpawu ze ukuxhalaba, ukuphazamiseka, ukuphazamiseka, okanye izicwangciso zokusombulula iingxaki, nto leyo etyebisa ukutolika kweziphumo.
• Ukusetyenziswa kweklinikhi kunye nemfundo: ziyasetyenziswa iiklinikhi, izibhedlele, iiofisi ze-psycho-pedagogical kunye nezinye iimeko apho kufuneka uxilongo lomntu ngamnye.

Uninzi lweemvavanyo zomntu ngamnye ezisetyenziswayo namhlanje zisekelwe kumsebenzi we Lewis Terman y UDavid wechslernangona ezinye izixhobo ezithile ziye zavela kubantu abane ubunzima bolwimi, iziphene zomzimba okanye iimfuno ezithile.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

La Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Kudala ingumgangatho wokulinganisa ubukrelekrele bomntu ngamnye, ngakumbi ebantwaneni. Ihlaziywe amaxesha amaninzi ukuphucula ukuchaneka kwayo kunye nokuhlaziya umxholo wayo.

1. Isikali se-1916: Uvavanyo olungaphantsi luququzelelwe ngokwe ixesha lokulandelelana kweziganeko yomfundi, egubungela ukusuka ebuntwaneni ukuya ebudaleni. Ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo olungaphantsi olugqithisiweyo, i ubudala bengqondo kunye ubukrelekrele quotient.
2. Isikali se-1937: umvavanyi waseka i iminyaka esisiseko (inqanaba apho umviwa aphendule zonke izinto ngokuchanekileyo) kunye ne ubuninzi beminyaka yobudalaOlu lwazi lwalusetyenziselwa ukubala ubudala bengqondo kunye ne-IQ, ukwazisa ukuphuculwa kwe imilinganiselo kunye nokwandisa imida engezantsi kunye nephezulu yovavanyo.
3. Isikali se-1960: Igcine umbono wokuvavanya ukusuka kwiminyaka emi-2 ukuya ebudaleni, ibandakanyiwe olunye uvavanyo olungaphantsi esebenza njengenqobo yokulinganisa xa umsebenzi usetyenziswe ngokungalunganga okanye wawungenakwenziwa.
4. Uhlelo lwesine lweStanford-Binet Scale: Ibandakanya imigaqo enzima ngakumbi, kunye nezicelo ezenzelwe ukuxilonga ubunzima bokufunda obuthile, Ukudodobala kwengqondo o Amandla aphakamileyoNgaphambi kokufaka i-suite encinci, oku kulandelayo kwasetyenziswa: Uvavanyo lweNdlela ukumisela indawo efanelekileyo yokuqala. Ubude bayo bumalunga nemizuzu engama-75, iyahluka ngokobudala.

Iinguqulelo zangoku zeStanford-Binet zikuvumela ukuba ufumane i CI jikelele kwaye kwakhona amanqaku kwimilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo, njenge ukuqiqa ngomlomo, i ukuqiqa ngamanani, i ukuqiqa okubonakalayo kunye imemori yexesha elifutshane.

Iimvavanyo ze-Wechsler

UDavid wechsler Waphuhlisa usapho lwezikali eziye zaba ngumgangatho wegolide wovavanyo lobukrelekrele kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi. Nangona ngelo xesha, iikhrayitheriya ezivela kwisikali saseStanford-Binet, ezisebenzayo kubantu abadala, zifakwe, u-Wechsler wakubona kuyimfuneko ukudala iimvavanyo ezithile kumaqela ahlukeneyo eminyaka ubudala.

1. I-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS): yenziwe nge Uvavanyo lomlomo kunye nokusebenzaPhakathi kwemixholo evavanyiweyo yi Iinkcukacha zajikelele, i ukugqitywa nokucwangciswa kwemizobo, i uyilo lwetyhubhu, la izibalo, i ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto, la ukuqonda, i iisimboli ngamasuntswana kunye ukufanaUkubekwa emgangathweni kwayo kugubungela uluhlu olubanzi lweminyaka yabantu abadala.

• I-WAIS (iinguqulelo zamva): Olona guqulelo lwamva nje luthathela ingqalelo ii-subtests ze ulwazi, isigama, ukuqonda kunye nememori yokusebenza. Bakuvumela ukuba ufumane i IQ yomlomo, un ekhohlisayo okanye yokusebenza IC kunye I-IQ iyonke, ukongeza kwii-indices ezithile ezifana nokuqonda ngomlomo, ukucinga ngengqondo, imemori yokusebenza kunye nesantya sokucubungula.
• I-Wechsler Intelligence Scale yaBantwana (WISC): yenzelwe iminyaka malunga phakathi Iminyaka ye-6 kunye ne-16Ibandakanya ukuvavanywa kolwimi (ulwazi, ukufana, izibalo, isigama, ukuqonda, ubude bedijithi) kunye novavanyo olungaphantsi (ukugqitywa komfanekiso, ukhowudo, ukucwangciswa kwebali, uyilo lwebhloko, ukudibanisa into, ukukhangela isimboli kunye ne-mazes, ezinye zazo ezongezelelweyo).

Usapho lwesikali se-Wechsler luye lwahlaziywa ngamaxesha athile ukuze luphucule ukunyaniseka, ukuthembeka y ukufaneleka kwenkcubekokubandakanywa nebenchmarks ezihlaziyiweyo kunye nemisebenzi emitsha ebonisa ngcono iimfuno zangoku zengqondo.

Olunye uvavanyo lwengqondo yomntu ngamnye

Ukongeza kwiStanford-Binet kunye nezikali zeWechsler, Zininzi ezinye iimvavanyo yobukrelekrele bomntu ngamnye, ezinye zazo zijongana nabantu kunye neemfuno ezithile:

• Izikali zokukwazi okwahlukileyoBayaphonononga izakhono ezithile ezifana nokuqiqa ngomlomo, ukuqiqa ngoomatshini, ubuchule besithuba, kunye nobuchule bamanani, ukuba luncedo kwimfundo nesikhokelo sengqesho.
• Detroit Learning Ability Test: yenzelwe ukuvavanya i amandla okufunda kwimeko yesikolo, ukuchonga amandla kunye nobuthathaka obunokuthi kuchaphazele inkqubo yokufunda.
• iimvavanyo zobukrelekrele Kaufman kaThixo: njenge Ibhetri yoVavanyo lweKaufman yaBantwana (K-ABC), elinganisa izakhono ze ukusetyenzwa kwengqondo okulandelelanayo kunye nangaxeshanye, kunye nezakhono ezisisiseko zemfundo ekufundeni nakwi-arithmetic.
• Iimvavanyo ze-Woodcock-Johnson III zeNgcaciso yeZakhonoZiquka ibhetri esemgangathweni kunye nebhetri eyandisiweyo, evumela ukuvavanywa kwe ubukrelekrele jikelele, ezahlukeneyo izakhono ezithile zengqondo kunye impumelelo kwizifundokunye noluhlu olubanzi lobudala.
• I-Das-Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System: igxile kwiinkqubo ze ucwangciso, ingqalelo, ukusetyenzwa ngaxeshanye, kunye nokusetyenzwa ngokulandelelanayo, iluncedo kakhulu ekuqondeni isimbo sokufunda.
• Uvavanyo olungathethwayo lwabantu abakhubazekileyoyenzelwe abantu abane ubunzima bolwimi, iingxaki zokuva okanye izithintelo zolwimi, ukusetyenziswa ikakhulu uvuselelo lwegraphic kunye neempendulo ezingezizo ezomlomo.

Ezinye izixhobo eziphawulekayo ziquka Iimatriki eziqhubela phambili zeRaven, elinganisa ubukrelekrele ngokungasebenzisi ngomlomo Ukugqitywa kweematriki zomzobo wejometriOlu qheliselo lufuna ukuchonga isiqwenga esingekhoyo kuthotho lweepateni, esekwe kwimbono kunye nokuqiqa okufaniswayo, kwaye luluncedo kakhulu kubantu abathetha iilwimi ezahlukeneyo okanye abanonxibelelwano olunzima.

Uvavanyo oluhlanganisiweyo okanye lweqela lobukrelekrele

Uvavanyo lobuntlola oluqokelelweyo okanye lweqela lusetyenziswa ngaxeshanye abantu abaninziZihlala zisetyenziselwa ukuqikelela okanye ukumisela i ukusebenza kwezemfundo okanye umsebenzi leqela labantu kwiimeko apho uhlolo lomntu ngamnye lunokubiza kakhulu okanye ludle ixesha.

Phakathi kweempawu zayo ezibalaseleyo zezi:

• Ukusebenza kakuhle: ikuvumela ukuba uvavanye amaqela amakhulu ngexesha elingaphantsi kuneemvavanyo zomntu ngamnye, kubenza bafaneleke ezikolweni, kumashishini, okanye kwimibutho yasemkhosini.
• Ukuthembeka kwiimeko ezithile: kwiinkqubo ze ukhetho oluninzi Uvavanyo lokuqala lunokubonelela ngeziphumo eziluncedo kakhulu kwaye zichaneke ngokwaneleyo.
• Iindleko ezincitshisiweyoNgamanye amaxesha banoqoqosho ngakumbi, zombini ngokwexesha lobuchwephesha kunye nezinto eziphathekayo.

Olu vavanyo lunokwenziwa kumaqela amakhulu abantu abadala okanye kumaqela amancinci abantwana abamalunga Iminyaka emi-5 okanye emi-6Kwimeko yabantwana abancinane, kubalulekile ukuba kubekho iisuphavayiza eziqinisekisa ukuba ziyayiqonda imiyalelo, ziqale zize zigqibe ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kwaye zigcine ingqalelo ngexesha lovavanyo.

Olunye uhlobo lovavanyo lweqela lunokuba neseti ye imibuzo yokukhetha ezininzi icwangciswe kwimodeli ye-omnibus spiral: izinto ezinobunzima obufanayo zidityaniswa kunye, kwaye ezo zobunzima obahlukeneyo zisasazwa ngokulandelelana okwandayo. Ezinye iimvavanyo zahlula uviwo lube iimvavanyo ezisezantsi zisetyenziswa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyoOku kuvumela ukuvavanywa kwezakhono ezahlukeneyo kwiiseshoni ezimbalwa ezimfutshane.

Imvelaphi yovavanyo lobuntlola beqela

Uphuhliso lweemvavanyo zeqela lunxulumene nokuthatha inxaxheba Arthur Otis, Umfundi kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford kunye nomfundi ka Lewis Terman, kwikhosi kwi Stanford-Binet Intelligence ScaleU-Otis ucebise ukuziqhelanisa ne ipensile kunye nefomathi yephepha imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo evela kuvavanyo lomntu ngamnye ukuze isetyenziswe kumaqela amakhulu.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, igalelo labanye ababhali longezwa, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba abantu baziwe Army Alpha ExamEsi sixhobo sasisetyenziselwa i ukhetho lwabasebenzi basemkhosini kunye nokwabiwa kwezikhundla, ezenza omnye wemizekelo yokuqala yokusetyenziswa ngobuninzi kovavanyo lobuntlola ngokudibeneyo.

Iimvavanyo zobuntlola zeqela eliphambili

Phakathi kweemvavanyo zeqela ezaziwa kakhulu nezisetyenziswa kakhulu zezi:

• Uvavanyo lwaMakhono okuqonda (CogAT): Injongo yayo kukulinganisa i ukukwazi kwabantwana ukusombulula iingxaki usebenzisa iisimboli ngomlomo, Ubungakanani y indawoInqanaba ngalinye libandakanya a Ibhetri yomlomo, enye Ibhetri yobungakanani kunye Ibhetri engabonakaliyoethi yona iqulathe amavandlakanyo athile. Ulawulo luthatha malunga nemizuzu engama-30-90, kuxhomekeke kuguqulelo.
• UVavanyo lweSakhono seSikolo se-Otis-Lennon (OLSAT): yenziwe ngamachiza ahlukeneyo Intetho, isafobe, umfanekiso kunye nomthamoIvumela uvandlakanyo ukuqonda ngomlomo, ukuqiqa ngomlomo, ukuqiqa ngemifanekiso, ukuqiqa ngamanani y ukuqiqa ngokobungakanani kubantwana abasuka kwisikolo sabasaqalayo ukuya ekupheleni kwemfundo enyanzelekileyo. Inamanqanaba amaninzi alungelelaniswe kwinqanaba ngalinye.
• Uvavanyo lweWonderlic Staff: Luvavanyo olufutshane lobuntlola nge imibuzo esekelwe kwiingcaciso, ubudlelwane besithuba, izifaniso, iingxaki ze-logic kunye ne-arithmetic kunye nothelekiso phakathi kwamagama. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkqubo ze ukhetho lwabasebenzi emsebenzini ngenxa yexesha elifutshane kunye nolawulo olulula.

Ukongeza kwezi, kukho ezinye iimvavanyo zeqela ezilungelelaniswe kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zemfundo, ukhetho lwabasebenzi okanye uphando lwezentlalo, zonke ziyilelwe ukufumana umlinganiselo okhawulezayo kunye nomgangatho wezakhono ezithile zengqondo.

Umzekelo obalaseleyo: Imatriki eqhubela phambili yeRaven

Kukho iinguqulelo ezintathu eziphambili:

• Isikali ngokubanzi: kunye ne-5 series (A, B, C, D, E) yezinto ezili-12, ezijoliswe kubantu abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-12 kunye ne-65 ubudala, ngokunyuka kobunzima.
• Progressive umbala matrices: kunye nochungechunge lwe-3 (A, Ab, B) yezinto ezili-12, ezijoliswe kubantwana abancinci, abantu abadala okanye abantu abanokukhubazeka kwengqondo encinci. Kubandakanya iipleyiti zemibala ukwenza lula ukuqonda.
• Iimatriki eziqhubela phambili: ngezinto ezingama-48 kwiiseti ezimbini, ezilungiselelwe ulutsha kunye nabantu abadala amandla obukrelekrele angaphezulu komndilili.

Uvavanyo lweMatriki yeRaven's Progressive Matrices luluncedo ngakumbi kubantu aba Abaluthethi kakuhle ulwimi ukusuka kumvavanyi, okhoyo iingxaki zokuva okanye zokuthethaokanye uvela kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko, kuba isekelwe phantse kuyo uvuselelo lwegraphic.

Iingqwalasela zokuziphatha kunye nezenzo ezilungileyo

Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ukusetyenziswa kweemvavanyo zobuntlola kufuneka kuqhubeke iinqobo zokuziphatha ezicacileyo:

• Imvume eyazisiweyoUmntu ovavanywayo, okanye abagcini babo abasemthethweni kwimeko yabantwana, kufuneka aqonde injongo yovavanyo, ukusetyenziswa kwalo, kunye neziphumo zalo ezinokwenzeka.
• UbumfihloIziphumo kufuneka zithathwe njengolwazi olubuthathaka, olukhuselweyo kwaye lufikeleleke kuphela kubantu abagunyazisiweyo.
• Ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyoIzigqibo ezenziwe ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo (umzekelo, ukufakwa esikolweni okanye ukukhetha umsebenzi) kufuneka zithathele ingqalelo ezinye izinto ezifanelekileyo kwaye zigweme ukusetyenziswa kwe-IQ ngokuzikhethela okanye ngokucalulayo.
• Uqeqesho lobungcaliKuphela ziingcali eziqeqeshiweyo ekufuneka ziqhube kwaye zilungise ezi mvavanyo, ziqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wobugcisa kunye ukutolikwa okufanelekileyo yedatha.

Njengoko kunokubonwa, intsimi yokulinganisa ubukrelekrele babantu ibanzi kwaye intsonkothile, kwaye ixhomekeke kwizinto ezifana inani labantu abafundayo, la ubudala, i umxholo wesicelo kunye iinjongo ezithile zovavanyoUkukhetha olona vavanyo lufanelekileyo lubandakanya ukuphonononga ngocoselelo olu tshintsho.

Iimvavanyo zobukrelekrele, ezisetyenziswa ngokungqongqo nangobulumko, ziba sisixhobo esinamandla sokuqonda ngcono ukusebenza kwengqondo yomntu ngamnye, ukuxhasa uphuhliso lwabo lwezemfundo noqeqesho, kunye nongenelelo loyilo olulungelelaniswe neemfuno zabo, ungaze ulibale ukuba ubukrelekrele yinxalenye enye kuphela yobutyebi bomntu ngamnye.