Isazi ngezentlalo esaziwayo I-Murray straus, umseki kunye no-co-director weLebhu yoPhando lweNtsapho kunye noprofesa ophumayo kwiYunivesithi yaseNew Hampshire, uchithe iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane ephanda imiphumo yesohlwayo somzimba kubantwana, ngokukodwa ukubetha. kwincwadi yakhe Ubundlobongela obuPhambili ('Ubundlobongela obuphambili'), uStraus uhlalutya inani elikhulu ledatha kunye nezifundo ukubonisa ukuba olu hlobo loqeqesho lunefuthe elibi njani ukukhula kwengqondo, la ukuziphatha okungathandekiyo ekuhlaleni kunye amandla eemvakalelo yabantwana.
Impembelelo yokubetha ekukhuleni komntwana
Idatha eqokelelwe nguStraus ibandakanya ulwazi lwelongitudinal ukusuka ngaphezu 7000 Iintsapho zaseMelika kunye neziphumo zokuthelekisa kwi 32 amazwe. Esi siseko sobungqina bubanzi sisivumela ukuba sihlalutye impembelelo yokubetha ngokweembono ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko kunye nefuthe lako kuzo zombini. Ububanzi obuqhelekileyo njengakwilaphu lentlalontle.
NgokukaStraus, ngelixa kuyinyani ukuba ukubetha kunokulungisa indlela yokuziphatha ngexesha elifutshane, akusebenzi bhetele kunezinye iindlela ezinje ukuhluthwa amalungelo. Ngapha koko, ezi "izibonelelo" zigutyungelwe ziziphumo zayo ezibi, phakathi kwazo ezibalaseleyo:
- Ukuncipha kolwalamano lweemvakalelo phakathi kwabazali nabantwana.
- Ukwanda kokuthambekela ekusebenziseni ubundlobongela njengesixhobo sokusombulula impixano.
- Ukulibaziseka ukukhula kwengqondo kunye namathuba asezantsi e impumelelo kwizifundo.
Ngaphezulu 100 izifundo ziyavumelana a 90% malunga nezi ziphumo ebezingalindelekanga. UStraus ugxininisa ukuba mhlawumbi awukho omnye umba wokuba ngumzali apho uphando luhambelana khona.
Iziphumo zengqondo nezentlalontle
Uphando lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba ukubetha akuchaphazeli nje kuphela ukuziphatha, kodwa nakwimvakalelo nangokwengqondo. Phakathi kweziphumo eziphawulekayo zezi:
- Iingxaki zempilo yengqondo: Abantwana abohlwaywa ngokwasemzimbeni banamazinga aphezulu e uxhalaba, ukuxinezeleka y uxinzelelo.
- Utshintsho kuphuhliso lwengqondo: Uphononongo olufana nolo lwenziwa yiDyunivesithi yaseOld Dominion eMelika lubonise ukuba nkqu nokubethwa okwethutyana kunokubachaphazela ukuguquguquka kwengqondo kunye ulawulo lokuthintela.
- Indlela yokuziphatha echaseneyo nabantu: Ukohlwaya ngokwasemzimbeni kufundisa oko go nyamelo Yindlela eyamkelekileyo yokusombulula iingxaki, ukwandisa amathuba okuba nobundlobongela kwixesha elizayo.
Ingxelo ye-UNICEF malunga 2014 Wabalaselisa ukuba kufutshane 80% abazali ehlabathini basebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwesohlwayo ngokwasemzimbeni. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko ingcali u-Elizabeth Gershoff yabonisa kwi-meta-analysis of 75 Kwizifundo, ukubetha kuvelisa iziphumo ezinokuthelekiswa nokuxhatshazwa ngokwasemzimbeni, nangona kwinqanaba elingaphantsi.
Iindlela ezizezinye ukohlwaya ngokwasemzimbeni
I-Straus ikhuthaza ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo kunye namaphulo emfundo akhuthaza izenzo zoluleko ezingenalo ubundlobongela. Ezi zicwangciso kufuneka zibandakanye:
- Amaphulo ukuqonda malunga nemiphumo emibi yesohlwayo somzimba.
- Iinkqubo zoqeqesho lwabazali ezifundisa iindlela zokuziphatha ezifanelekileyo ezisekelwe ukuqiniswa kunye unxibelelwano.
- Inkxaso yengqondo kunye nezibonelelo kwiintsapho kwi iimeko ezicinezelayo.
Imibutho efana neAmerican Academy of Pediatrics kunye neWorld Health Organisation ikwacebisa iindlela zoluleko ezisebenzayo nezisebenzayo. Oku kuquka ukumisela imida ecacileyo, ukusebenzisa imiphumo engaguquguqukiyo, nokukhuthaza incoko ekufundiseni. izakhono zentlalo.
Imvumelwano yamazwe ngamazwe ngamalungelo abantwana
Ngaphezulu 20 Amazwe akuvale ngokupheleleyo ukusetyenziswa kwempama njengendlela yoluleko. Olu tshintsho lomthetho lubonisa imvumelwano evelayo yokuba abantwana banelungelo lokukhula bekhululekile kulo naluphi na uhlobo ubundlobongela ngokwasemzimbeni, kwanaloo nto ithetheleleka ngokuthi "uqeqesho."
Ngokutsho kweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, le mithetho ayikhuseli nje kuphela Amalungelo asisiseko yabantwana, kodwa ikwakhuthaza a uluntu olunoxolo ngakumbi kwaye inobulungisa. ESpeyin, umzekelo, inqaku le-19 loMthetho we-Organic 1/1996 woKhuseleko olusemthethweni lwabaNcinane luthintela zonke iindlela zokohlwaya ngokwasemzimbeni okanye impatho ethob’ isidima kwimekobume yentsapho.
Ukubaluleka kotshintsho lwenkcubeko
UStraus ucebisa ukuba ukupheliswa kokubethwa kufuneka kukhatshwe lutshintsho lwenkcubeko. Ucebisa abazali ukuba bazibophelele ekubeni bangabheneli ekohlwayeni ngokwasemzimbeni “njengesipho” kubantwana babo ngezihlandlo ezikhethekileyo. Lo mlinganiso awuyi kuqinisa kuphela iqhina losapho, kodwa uya kukhuthaza indawo engqongileyo ukuhloniphana y ukuzithemba.
“Ukuba ujonge isipho esiza kuqinisekisa ubomi obonwabisayo nobunempilo emntwaneni wakho, zibophelele ekubeni ungaze umbethe kwakhona,” utsho uStraus. Oku kuzibophelela, nangona kubonakala kulula, kunempembelelo yenguqu kubomi bosapho kunye nophuhliso lwexesha elizayo lomntwana.
Ubungqina obukhulayo bezenzululwazi kunye nemvumelwano yamazwe ngamazwe yenza kucace ngakumbi ukuba ukubetha ayisosixhobo esisebenzayo okanye esisesikweni ukulungisa indlela yokuziphatha yabantwana. Ukukhuthaza intlonipho, iingxoxo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendlela zoluleko ezilungileyo akukhuseli kuphela izizukulwana ezizayo kwimiphumo emibi yesohlwayo somzimba, kodwa kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni. uluntu olunobulungisa y novelwano.
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