Yenziwa kwiphondo laseGuerrero, ekumazantsi eMexico, inguquko ye-Ayutla yayiyintshukumo yokuphayona kwiziganeko ezininzi zembali kweli lizwe, enye yazo, ukwenziwa kohlaziyo lwenkululeko, olwalulinyathelo elichasene norhulumente. Umongameli wobomi bonke u-Antonio LĆ³pez de Santa Anna.
Ukuxhatshazwa, imeko yosizi, kunye nengxaki enkulu yezopolitiko apho isizwe satshona khona, kunye ukuthengiswa kwenxalenye yeLa MesillaUmmandla osemantla welizwe ngoku eliyiMexico yayililo intlantsi eyabangela le mfazwe. Le ntshukumo yayifuna ukuba kususwe umlawuli wezopolitiko ababemjonga njengomngcatshi, kuba emva kokuba yinxalenye yamaqela enkululeko, wakuba esemandleni wabafulathela abo babemxhasa, ekhetha amacandelo atyebileyo njengomkhosi kunye nabefundisi.
Ngenxa yale ntshukumo, utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwenziwe kwimibutho yezopolitiko neyomthetho yaseMexico, ngakumbi kumgaqo-siseko welizwe lase-Ayutla nakubomi belizwe. Kwasekwa iprojekthi yokwakha isizwe esinenkululeko eyayilandela ukulingana kwezentlalo, ukuncitshiswa kwamandla omkhosi kunye neCawa, kunye nokwakhiwa kweriphabliki emeleyo.
Imbali kunye nemvelaphi yolawulo lukaSanta Anna
Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo izizathu zoguquko lwe-Ayutla Kubalulekile ukuqonda umxholo ongaphambili. U-Antonio LĆ³pez de Santa Anna wayengumntu ophambili kwezopolitiko zaseMexico kangangeminyaka emininzi. Ube ngumongameli izihlandlo ezininzi, exhaswa ngabalandeli bokugcina izithethe kunye nabalandeli benkululeko, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba abantu bacinge ukuba wayengumntu obalulekileyo. isimo sezopolitiko esingacacanga nesivulelekileyoNgamanye amaxesha wayejongwa njengeqhawe ngenxa yokubandakanyeka kwakhe kwimfazwe nxamnye nemikhosi yangaphandle, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha wayejongwa njengonobangela wokoyiswa okukhulu kunye nokulahlekelwa yindawo.
Emva kweengxaki ezininzi zangaphakathi kunye noxinzelelo oluvela kumaqela ahlukeneyo ezopolitiko, bobabini abaxhasi bokugcina izithethe kunye nabanye abaxhasi benkululeko bavumile ukuba ilizwe lifuna urhulumente onamandla oza kubuyisela ucwangcoKwimeko enjalo, uSanta Anna waphinda wabizwa ukuba athathe isikhundla sokuba ngumongameli, ukuze akhusele inkolo yamaKatolika, abeke amandla ndawonye, āāaphelise ulawulo lwelizwe lonke, aze aphinde ahlele umkhosi. Ukubuyela kwakhe emandleni kwanika indawo ulawulo olucacileyo olulawula ngogonyamelonto leyo eyagqibela ngokubangela uvukelo lwe-Ayutla.
Enye yezona mpawu ziphawulekayo zeli xesha yayikukuba uSanta Anna wayezikhethele ngokwakhe. "Uzuko lwakhe olungenasiphako"Esi sihloko, esavusa ubukhosi, sahlazisa uluvo loluntu. Esi senzo somfuziselo sabonakalisa ingcamango ephantse ibe yeyokwenene ngamandla, siqiniswa luluhlu lwezigqibo ezazisithi Bazirhoxisile iziqinisekiso zomntu ngamnye.Bayithintela inkululeko yabezindaba baza bomeleza ulawulo lomntu ngamnye kumaziko.
Kwangaxeshanye, imeko yezoqoqosho yayinzima kakhulu: ityala langaphandle, ulawulo olubi lwezemali, kunye nolwakhiwo lwerhafu olungafanelekanga Babebaxinanisa abantu. Ukuze agubungele le ngxaki, urhulumente wasebenzisa amanyathelo anzima, kuquka nokubeka irhafu engacwangciswanga kwizinto zemihla ngemihla (iifestile, iingcango, izithuthi, izinja, phakathi kwezinye), nto leyo eyazalisa iindawo ezidumileyo nezasezidolophini ngexhala.
Isiqalo: ukupapashwa kweSicwangciso se-Ayutla
Uphuhliso lwenguquko yase-Ayutla lwaqala ngokunganeliseki ngokubanzi, okushukunyiswa zizigqibo ezenziwe nguzwilakhe u-Antonio LĆ³pez de Santa Anna, owathi, phantsi kokhuselo lwesihloko sakhe sokuba ngumongameli. Ukuphakama kukaSerene, iphuhliswe a urhulumente wokuxhatshazwa kunye nengqumbo, engcatsha imigaqo eyayimbeka njengomongameli.
Uninzi lwezikhokelo ezazimisela ukunyuka kukaSanta Anna emandleni zasekwa kwilizwe elaziwayo Isicwangciso seJalisco. Nangona kunjalo, Uninzi lwezi zibophelelo zaphulwe Akuba ezimise njengozwilakhe, phakathi kwezona zinto zazidume kakubi yayikukuphulwa komthetho ukuthintelwa kwelungelo lenkululeko yokuthetha, ngokuthintela ukusetyenziswa ngokukhululekileyo koomatshini bokushicilela, okuxhaswa yimigaqo efana neLares Law, eyayitshutshisa amaphephandaba aphikisayo kwaye ivala iimpapasho ezibalulekileyo.
Ukucinezelwa kwenkululeko yabezindaba kwavuselela ukunganeliseki kwabantu, kwaye impendulo yendalo yabacinezelweyo yayikukusasazwa iimpapasho ezifihlakeleyo ezichasene norhulumente kunye nokuvela kwamaqela enkululeko acetywayo. Imibhalo, iincwadana, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yaqala ukusasazwa ngasese, igxeka ubuzwilakhe, urhwaphilizo, kunye nezigqibo ezingenasizathu wolawulo lweSantanista.
Urhwaphilizo kurhulumente, oluthi, ngeendleko zentlupheko nendlala yabemi, lwakhokelela ekucebiseni ngokungekho mthethweni Bobabini u-Antonio LĆ³pez de Santa Anna kunye nabo basondeleyo kuye bongezelele kuluhlu lwezikhalazo. Imali evela kwirhafu kunye neminikelo yasetyenziselwa iindleko ezingafunekiyo kunye nokwakha ubutyebi babantu abambalwa abathandwayo, ngelixa uninzi lwelizwe lwaluphila ebuhlwempini.
Enye into eyabangela ukunganeliseki yayikukungazinzi ukuthengiswa kwendawo enkulu kummandla waseMesilla, umsebenzi owenziwe ngokutshintshiselana ngemali engazange isombulule iingxaki zesakhiwo zelizwe kwaye wabonwa njenge ukungcatshwa kobunyulu bomhlabaOlu thengiso lwagxekwa ngamacandelo obuzwe, njengoko lwagweba abemi baloo mmandla ukuba balahlekelwe bubuntu babo, lubathobela phantsi kolawulo lolunye uhlanga kwaye lubonisa ukuzimisela kukarhulumente ukuncama umhlaba ngenxa yezibonelelo zemali ezikhawulezileyo.
Kule meko yokungoneliseki okuxhaphakileyo, Isicwangciso se-AyutlaImanifesto eyayibiza ngokuphandle ukuba kubekho uvukelo nxamnye norhulumente waseSanta Anna. Olu xwebhu lwabhalwa emazantsi elizwe, luqhutywa liqela lamagosa omkhosi akhululekileyo kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo: uFlorencio Villareal, uJuan Ćlvarez, kunye noIgnacio Comonfort babephakathi kwabo. abantu ababalulekileyo ekudalweni nasekubhengezweni kwayo, ehamba nabanye abavukeli abafana noTomĆ”s Moreno kunye noRafael Benavides. Isicwangciso sabhengezwa ngomhla 1 Matshi we1854, umhla othathwa njengendawo yokuqala ngokusesikweni yoguquko.
Imanifesto ye Isicwangciso se-Ayutla Ichaze izizathu zokungoneliseki yaza yabonisa amanyathelo aphendulayo, acwangciswe kwiirecitals (apho kuchazwe khona ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kolawulo) kunye namanqaku (apho kwamiselwa khona amanyathelo athile amele athathwe).
Izizathu eziphambili zeNguquko ye-Ayutla
Nangona iSicwangciso se-Ayutla sidwelise izizathu ezininzi zokwala uSanta Anna, i-historiography idla ngokuhlanganisa izizathu zoguquko lwe-Ayutla kwiinkalo ezininzi ezisisiseko ezisivumela ukuba siqonde ubunzulu bengxabano.
1. Ulawulo olulawulayo nolulawulayo lukaSanta Anna
Isizathu esiphambili sovukelo yayikukugatywa kwe Ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lukaSanta AnnaAkuba esemandleni, umlawuli wazibiza ngokuba yinkokeli yobomi bakhe bonke waza wamkela isihloko esithi Uzuko lwakhe oluNgcwele, bebonisa ukudelela kwabo utshintsho lwe-republican kunye nemigaqo yentando yesininzi eyayiphembelele imizabalazo yangaphambili eMexico.
Ngexesha lorhulumente wakhe, inkcaso yayitshutshiswa ukugxothwa, ukuvalelwa entolongweni kunye nezoyikisoIinkokheli ezibalulekileyo zenkululeko ezifana noBenito JuƔrez, uMelchor Ocampo, uPonciano Arriaga, uGuillermo Prieto nabanye banyanzelwa ukuba babhace, uninzi lwabo lubalekela kwizixeko zase-United States, apho baqhubeka khona nokuceba nxamnye norhulumente.
Ubuzwilakhe bubonakaliswe nakwindlela engqongqo amaphephandaba awayewasebenzisa ngayo. Ukwenziwa kwemithetho ecinezelayo, efana nomthetho okhankanywe ngaphambili othintela ushicilelo, kwakhokelela ekuvalweni kwamaphephandaba agxekayo kwaye kwashiya ukusasazwa okufihlakeleyo kweengcinga zenkululeko njengenye indlela. Oku kucinezelwa koluvo loluntu kwavelisa i- uvakalelo olubanzi lokungabikho kobulungisa nokungabi nakuzinceda.
2. Ingxaki yezoqoqosho, urhwaphilizo kunye nenkqubo yerhafu
Uqoqosho lwaseMexico lwaludlula kwixesha elinzima kakhulu. Ukulahlekelwa yimimandla emikhulu kunye neengxabano zangaphambili kwashiya umthwalo omkhulu wemali. Endaweni yokukhuthaza utshintsho lwesakhiwo, urhulumente waseSanta Anna wabhenela ku irhafu egqithisileyo nengacwangciswanga ukuze ufumane ingeniso ekhawulezileyo.
Irhafu yayimiselwe kwizinto zemihla ngemihla: iifestile, iingcango, iinqwelo, izilwanyana zasekhaya, kwanemisebenzi ethileEzi ntlawulo zongezwa kwi-alcabala, irhafu endala kwiintengiselwano zorhwebo ezazithintela ukutshintshiselana ngeempahla kwaye zichaphazela abathengisi kunye nabathengi.
Icebo lika-Ayutla lagxeka ngokucacileyo ukuba urhulumente uzinikele āukucinezela nokuxhaphaza abantu, ukubathwalisa irhafu enzima, ngaphandle kokujonga ubuhlwempu ngokubanziāImali eqokelelweyo, engeyonto yokuba isetyenziswe kwiiprojekthi ezivelisa imveliso, yasetyenziselwa iindleko ezingaphezulu kakhulu zenkundla yaseSantanista kunye nokutyebisa iqela elincinci labahlobo abasondeleyo.
3. Ukuthengiswa kweLa Mesilla kunye nelahleko yendawo
Esinye isizathu esiphambili yayikukuba ukuthengiswa kwendawo yaseMesillaemantla amazwe anamhlanje aseSonora naseChihuahua. Kwabaninzi baseMexico, esi sivumelwano simele ukuhlaziswa kunye nokubetha ngakumbi ubukhosi besizwe emva kokulahlekelwa kwemida yangaphambili.
Icebo lika-Ayutla lathi ukuqhubeka kukaSanta Anna ephethe amandla kwakuyinto "usongelo oluhlala luhleli kwinkululeko yeSizwe"Ubonise ukuba phantsi korhulumente wakhe, inxalenye yalo mmandla yayithengisiwe ngaphandle kwesidingo sokwenene sesizwe. Esi senzo someleza umfanekiso kaSanta Anna njengomlawuli ozimisele ukuncama ukuthembeka kwelizwe ngokutshintshiselana nezixhobo zemali ezikhawulezileyo.
4. Ukungalingani kwezentlalo kunye namalungelo abefundisi kunye nomkhosi
Ulawulo lweSantanista lugcine kwaye luyinzulu amalungelo abefundisi kunye nomkhosiLa maqumrhu ayeneendawo ezikhethekileyo zolawulo, oko kukuthi iinkundla zawo apho ayegwetywa khona ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwabanye abantu. Oku kwavelisa ukuziva ungohlwaywa kumalungu ayo kwaye yayiyinto ecaphukisayo kakhulu kwabo babebona indlela amaqela athile awayengaphezulu ngayo kumthetho oqhelekileyo.
Ngaphezu koko, iCawa yayinezakhiwo ezininzi kunye namandla amakhulu kwezoqoqosho, ngelixa iindawo ezinkulu zabemi basemaphandleni nasezidolophini zazihlala kwiimeko ezinobungozi. AmaLiberal ayecinga ukuba olu qokelelo lobutyebi kunye nelungelo lungumqobo kuphuhliso lwelizwe kunye nokusekwa koluntu [olungacacanga/olulinganayo/olusekuhlaleni]. ukulingana okusemthethweni phakathi kwabemi.
5. Ukutshutshiswa kweqela eliphikisayo elikhululekileyo kunye nengxaki yokuba semthethweni
La intshutshiso ecwangcisiweyo yeqela eliphikisayo elikhululekileyo Oku kube negalelo ekuthomalaliseni ukufaneleka kolawulo. Abantu ababegxothiwe kwiindawo ezifana neNew Orleans kunye neBrownsville bagcina unxibelelwano namaqela alwela inkululeko kweli lizwe kwaye bathatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo ekucwangciseni nasekuxhaseni intshukumo ye-Ayutla.
Urhulumente kaSanta Anna waphulukana kancinci kancinci nenkxaso yoluntu: kwelinye icala, amaLiberal awala ngokucacileyo; kwelinye icala, inxalenye yabantu abadumileyo namacandelo ongxowankulu baqala ukujonga ukugqithisela kwakhe kunye nokungakwazi kwakhe ukunika uzinzo oluhlala luhleli ngenkxalabo. ingxaki yokuba semthethweni Kwavula ithuba lokuba iSicwangciso se-Ayutla sifumane ingxolo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zelizwe.
Umxholo kunye neenjongo zeSicwangciso se-Ayutla
Icebo lika-Ayutla lalingaphezulu nje kokubiza abantu ukuba bavukelwe; lalisisiqalo iprojekthi yezopolitiko yokuguqula umbutho kaRhulumenteYahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini: elokuqala lachaza izizathu zovukelo, kwaye elesibini lachaza izibophelelo kunye namanyathelo aza kuphunyezwa.
Phakathi kweenjongo zayo eziphambili kwakukho:
- Ukugxothwa koBuphezulu bakhe, uAntonio LĆ³pez de Santa Annakunye nalawo magosa ayelandela umgca wakhe wobuqhophololo nowokucinezela. Yacacisa ngokucacileyo ukuyeka kokusebenzisa amandla kawonke-wonke nguzwilakhe kunye namagosa awayelahlekelwe yintembeko yabantu okanye echasene nesicwangciso.
- Ukurhoxiswa kwemithetho esongela impilo-ntle yoluntuLa manyathelo ayequka ilotho yepasipoti, ukubuyiselwa kwerhafu yokuthengisa, kunye neerhafu ezibiza imali eninzi (ezifana nerhafu yevoti) ezazibekwa ebantwini. Injongo yayikukunciphisa umthwalo werhafu nokususa iirhafu ezingathandwa kangako.
- Ukunyulwa komongameli wexeshana onesimilo senkululekoEli nani, elimiselwe ngabameli belizwe ngalinye kunye nommandla, liza kuba namandla okujongana nokusombulula imiba enxulumene nokhuseleko, inkululeko yesizwe, kunye nokulungiselela inkqubo entsha yezopolitiko.
- Isicelo sokuba kubekho ingqungquthela yabavoti, equlunqwe ngabameli bamazwe, ngenjongo yokwenza isizwe sibe iRiphabliki yabantu nabameliLe ngqungquthela iya kuba noxanduva lokubhala umqulu omtsha osisiseko ukuze uthathe indawo yaleyo yangaphambili kwaye unciphise ngokuqinisekileyo amandla omntu.
- Utshintsho lomkhosiukuze itshintshe ukusuka ekubeni sisixhobo sokusebenzela ulawulo lobuzwilakhe iye ekubeni ngumkhosi ojongene nokukhusela iziqinisekiso namalungelo abantu. Esi sicwangciso sasichaza ukuba nabani na ochasa izikhokelo zaso uza kuphathwa njengo utshaba lwesizwe.
- Ingqwalasela ephambili kwingxaki yezoqoqoshoUrhulumente wexesha elizayo wenkululeko wacelwa ukuba anikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwiingxaki zorhwebo lwasekhaya nolwangaphandle, kunye nokulungiswa ngokutsha kwemali karhulumente, ukuze kuncitshiswe ubuhlwempu obusasazekileyo.
Amanyathelo kunye nophuhliso lweNguquko ye-Ayutla
Emva kokuvela kweSicwangciso se-Ayutla esikhankanyiweyo ngaphambili, abantu basabela ngoko nangoko, kwaye, kwiindawo ezibanzi, babonisa inkxaso ekhulayo kwisiphakamiso seenkululeko. Ukungoneliseki okwakuqokelelene kwiminyaka edlulileyo kwafumana ithuba lokungena. iflegi ecacileyo yomzabalazo Olu xwebhu luvumele intshukumo ukuba idlule umda wendawo yaseGuerrero ize isasazeke nakwamanye amazwe.
Exhalabile kakhulu ngamandla entshukumo, urhulumente we-conservative waphendula ngoko nangoko. Izenzo zakhe zazijolise ekunciphiseni imisebenzi yabavukeli ngokusebenzisa amanyathelo adibanisa ingcinezelo ethe ngqo kunye nemizamo yokusasaza iindaba ezisemthethweni kunye nolawulo loluntu.
- Ukunyuka kwezinga lerhafu ukuze kuqokelelwe imali yemfazwe. Esi sigqibo, endaweni yokuthomalalisa ukunganeliseki, sakhuthaza amacandelo aliqela ukuba ajoyine umzabalazo okhokelwa nguJuan Ćlvarez, kuba babebona kule ngxabano njengendlela yokuphuma kwingcinezelo yezemali.
- Isigwebo sentambo Abo bafunyenwe benekopi yeSicwangciso se-Ayutla, kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo abaphethe izixhobo ngaphandle kwemvume, babeza kohlwaywa. Urhulumente wayenenjongo yokukhuthaza uloyiko nokuthintela uxwebhu ukuba lungasasazeki ngokubanzi, nangona oku kungazange kuthintele ukusasazwa kwalo.
Umboniso eFort San Diego: Enamadoda angaphezu kwama-5000 emkhosini wakhe, uLĆ³pez de Santa Anna waya eAcapulco, apho kwakukho abavukeli. UJuan Ćlvarez wayenamadoda amalunga nama-500 kuphela awayenawo; nangona kunjalo, i- Umkhosi we-liberal wakwazi ukuzibamba edabini.Baziqinisa kwinqaba yaseSan Diego. Nangona babembalwa, ukuchasana kwenkululeko kwanyanzela imikhosi yaseSantanista ukuba irhoxe. UKumkani oNgcwele kwafuneka arhoxe, njengoko wafumana ilahleko enkulu, ingasathethwa ke ngokushiywa kwemikhosi kunye nezifo zasetropiki ezazichaphazela imikhosi yakhe.
Beziphindezela ngenxa yoloyiso oluncinci, baqala izenzo zobundlobongela nxamnye nepropathi kwabo babeyinxalenye yentshukumo okanye abayixhasayo ngandlela ithile. Iidolophu ezazibonakalise uvelwano ngeSicwangciso se-Ayutla zaphangwa, zatshiswa zaza zathathwa, amanyathelo awayefuna ngawo urhulumente ukwenza umzekelo wabaxhasi besizathu senkululeko.
Inguquko ye-Ayutla yaqhubeka nesantya sayo esingathintelekiyo, okuvusa uloyiko phakathi kwabantu abagcina izithetheUmongameli onguzwilakhe wacela irhuluneli yasePuebla, ngeleta, ukuba igcine abemi bayo behlukaniswe nabo baseGuerrero logama nje uvukelo luqhubeka, ikwamcela ukuba athathe amanyathelo nxamnye nabo banokuziphatha okurhanelekayo okanye abanovelwano kumaqela enkululeko.
Urhulumente wenza imizamo emikhulu yokugcina amazibuko ekhuselekile kwisongelo samaqela alwela inkululeko: ILa Paz, iAcapulco, iGuaymas kunye neMazatlƔn Babeziinjongo zobuchule, ngenxa yokubaluleka kwabo kwezorhwebo nakwezomkhosi. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nto yathintela ukuqhubela phambili kwemikhosi yabavukeli. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, urhulumente waqalisa izenzo zokunyelisa, ukusasaza iindaba zobuxoki malunga nokoyiswa okucingelwayo kwabavukeli kunye nokubuyiselwa kocwangco, ukuze kutyhafiswe abaxhasi besicwangciso.
Inkxaso yovukelo: Ngenxa yokungoneliseki okubanzi ngezenzo zikarhulumente wobuqhetseba, uguquko lukaJuan Ćlvarez lwaqala ukuthandwa kumazwe ahlukeneyo. NgeFestile yeNkosikazi yethu yaseGuadalupe, kwabakho ungquzulwano ePuebla apho iPuebla Lancers Regiment (eyayisakuba ikhokelwa ngu-Antonio LĆ³pez de Santa Anna) yazama ukuvukela umbuso. Urhulumente wayicinezela le mvukelo waza wayalela ukuba kubulawe iinkokheli zayo eziphambili ngelizama ukuthumela umyalezo wesilumkiso.
Kwenziwa nesibhengezo eLoreto Hill, apho amadoda amalunga nekhulu avela kwinkampani ye-battalion esebenzayo eQuerĆ©taro avakalisa inkxaso yawo kwisicwangciso. Kwangaxeshanye, abo baxhasayo baqala ukujoyina. MichoacĆ”n, Tamaulipas, San Luis PotosĆ, Guanajuato, Jalisco kunye neState of Mexico, phakathi kwezinye izinto, okwenza uguquko lube yintshukumo ebanzi ngakumbi nekunzima ukuyilawula.
Unyaka we-1855: Ukuqhubela phambili kweLiberal kunye nokuwa kweSanta AnnaEkuqaleni kweli xesha, imizamo yenkululeko yayisele iphumelele kwiriphabliki. Uluvo loluntu kwiindawo ezininzi lwalungasamthandi uSanta Anna; nangona kunjalo, kwinqanaba elisemthethweni, amanye amagunya agcina isimo sengqondo sokungathathi cala. Kancinci kancinci, uguquko lwangena kuzo zonke iindawo zemibutho, ezentlalo, nasemkhosini.
Ukungoneliseki kwafikelela nakwiindawo eziphantsi kunye namalungu eCawa, nangona ayethandwa ngurhulumente, aqala ukukubona njengento engalunganga. into ebangela ukungazinzi okungapheliyoUkungakwazi kukarhulumente ukoyisa abavukeli nokubonelela ngozinzo kwezoqoqosho kuye kwawenza buthathaka ngakumbi inkxaso yakhe.
Okwangoku, amajoni alwela inkululeko awayegxothiwe eMelika aqinisa uguquko. Ukususela apho, abantu abanjengo UBenito JuƔrez, uMelchor Ocampo kunye noGuillermo Prieto Bajoyina intshukumo: abanye bathumela inkxaso yezopolitiko neyeembono, kwaye abanye babuyela kweli lizwe ukuze bathathe inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo. Kwasekwa iikomiti zoguquko, kwafunwa izibonelelo zemali, kwaza kwaveliswa amaqhinga okuqinisa impumelelo yesicwangciso kulo lonke ilizwe.
Phakathi kwelo xesha, abaxhasi benkululeko babesele befikelele kwi Ukubambelela kwePuebla kwiSicwangciso se-Ayutla Kwaye uguquko lwalunamandla aneleyo okusongela ikomkhulu lesizwe. Uxinzelelo lomkhosi nolwezopolitiko lwaba yinto engenakulungiseka kurhulumente waseSanta Anna. Ngaphandle kwezixhobo, ngaphandle kwenkxaso yoluntu ngokubanzi, kunye nomfanekiso owonakele ngakumbi, u-Antonio LĆ³pez de Santa Anna ekugqibeleni walishiya ilizwe eloyisiwe, esiya... IGranada entsha, ngelixa uluntu lubhiyozela ukuhamba kwakhe njengokuphela kwexesha lokuxhatshazwa.
Emva kokumka kukazwilakhe, urhulumente wexesha lotshintshoNgale ndlela, uJuan Ćlvarez wonyulwa njengomongameli wexeshana. Ngoko ke, iNguquko yase-Ayutla yafezekisa injongo yayo ephambili: ukuwa korhulumente wobuzwilakhe kunye nokuqala kwexesha elitsha lotshintsho olukhulu lwenkululeko.
Iziphumo zezopolitiko nezentlalo zeNguquko ye-Ayutla
Uloyiso lweNguquko yase-Ayutla lwazisa uthotho lweziganeko ezazikhuthaza ukubuyiselwa kwemigaqo yokulingana kwezentlalo kunye nokuhlelwa ngokutsha korhulumente waseMexico. Le ntshukumo yayingaphelelanga ekutshintsheni umlawuli: Yatshintsha ngokusisiseko ulwakhiwo lwezopolitiko nolwezomthetho. yelizwe kwaye kwavela utshintsho olwaphawula indlela yaseMexico.
- Ubongameli bukaJuan Ćlvarez: Emva kokubhukuqwa korhulumente we-conservative, inkokeli yenguquko uJuan Ćlvarez wangena esikhundleni njengomongameli wexeshana. Nangona ebambe esi sikhundla iinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela, wasebenzisa amanyathelo aqatha okuzuzisa abalimi kunye namacandelo abuthathaka kakhulu. Urhulumente wakhe wadala iimeko zezopolitiko zenkululeko ukuze kuqiniswe amandla ayo waza wabiza iCongress eyayiza kubhala umgaqo-siseko omtsha. Emva kokurhoxa kwakhe, walandelwa liqela lakhe elalisebenza naye, u-Ignacio Comonfort owayekwalilungu le-liberal.
- Ukumiselwa kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo echasene nokungalingani: Emva koloyiso e-Ayutla, kwaqaliswa inkqubo yohlengahlengiso olubanzi. Phakathi kwemigaqo ebalulekileyo yayilandelayo: Juarez Law, eyamisela ukulingana phakathi kwabemi phambi komthetho yaza yaphelisa iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zabefundisi kunye nomkhosingaloo ndlela bencitshiswa amalungelo abo. Omnye umyalelo osisiseko yayikukuba Lerdo Law, nto leyo eyayifuna ukuba iinkampani zoluntu nezecawa zithengise iipropati ezingahlali kuzo ngqo kubantu ezazibaqeshise kubo, ngenjongo yokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa ngcono komhlaba kunye nokunciphisa ubutyebi.
- Xolela abathinjwa: Emva kokoyiswa kukaSanta Anna, urhulumente omtsha wavula indlela yokuba ukubuya kwabagxothiweyo kunye nababaleki bezopolitikoIinkokheli zeLiberal ezazigxothwe ngexesha lolawulo lobuzwilakhe zabuyela kweli lizwe zaza zahlala kwizikhundla ezibalulekileyo kurhulumente omtsha, zinegalelo kumava azo kunye nezimvo zazo ekwakhiweni kweprojekthi yesizwe enobulungisa neyanamhlanje.
- Hlukana neCawa: Abefundisi, becaphukile kukubona izilangazelelo zabo zisongelwa, bachasa olu tshintsho. Impahla yecawa yadluliselwa kancinci kancinci kwi- ulawulo loluntuIiConvent zavalwa kwaye igunya lazo lokubhalisa imicimbi yoluntu efana nemitshato, ukuzalwa, kunye nokufa larhoxiswa. Oku kwaphawula inyathelo elibalulekileyo eliya... ukwenziwa kobuzwe bukaRhulumente nobomi boluntuukunciphisa impembelelo yezopolitiko yesikhungo secawa.
Olu tshintsho, olubizwa ngokuba Imithetho yohlaziyoBatshintshe kakhulu ubudlelwane phakathi koRhulumente, iCawa, umkhosi kunye noluntu. Ngaphezu koko, babeka isiseko sophuhliso olulandelayo lwe- umgaqo-siseko wenkululeko eza kubandakanya imigaqo efana nokulingana okusemthethweni, inkululeko yokucinga kunye neyokushicilela, kunye nokupheliswa kwamalungelo eenkampani.
Impendulo evela kumacandelo agcina imithetho kunye nabefundisi yayinamandla kakhulu kwezi nyathelo. Bawuthatha lo mthetho mtsha njengochasene ngokuphandle nabefundisi, ngoko ke baqalisa amaphulo okuzama ukunikezela ngoorhulumente benkululeko igunya Bade basongela ngezohlwayo zonqulo, ezinje ngokugxothwa ecaweni, kwabo bathenga iipropati zecawa zangaphambili. Uxinzelelo olubangelwe lolu tshintsho lwakhokelela kamva ekubeni iimfazwe ezintsha zangaphakathi ezixhobileyo, nto leyo eya kuqhubeka ichaza imbali yezopolitiko yaseMexico.
Abona baphambili be-Ayutla Revolution
Aba balandelayo yayingabantu abanempembelelo kakhulu kule ntshukumo yenkululeko, ngamnye enendima ethile ekulungiseleleni, ekuqhubeni nasekuhlanganiseni iNguquko ye-Ayutla:
- UAntonio LĆ³pez de Santa Anna: Uzwilakhe owangena emandleni emva kwesivumelwano phakathi kwabalandeli be-conservative kunye nabanye abantu abalwela inkululeko, owathi, ejongene nengxaki yezoqoqosho nezopolitiko eyayigquba eMexico, wavuma ukudibana nemikhosi emngqongileyo. Isikhundla sezopolitiko salo mntu sachazwa njenge ingaqondakali kwaye iyatshintshatshintshaKuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe, wayelilungu lamaqela aneembono ezichaseneyo kwaye wayebambe isikhundla sobumongameli izihlandlo ezininzi. Ngexesha elabangela iNguquko yase-Ayutla, waba uphawu lobuzwilakhe, urhwaphilizo, kunye nokulahlekelwa bubukhosi, nto leyo embeka phakathi kweyona ntshukumo igxekwayo.
- UJuan Alvarez: Igosa lomkhosi laseMexico eladlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiingxabano ezininzi zelizwe. Wayengu umkhuthazi oyintloko wokuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso sotshintsho kunye nenkokeli ye-Ayutla Revolution. Ekwindawo yakhe eGuerrero, waququzelela waza walawula uhlaselo lwabavukeli, wadibanisa izivumelwano nezinye iinkokheli zengingqi, waza waceba amaqhinga akhokelela ekubhukuqweni kukaMongameli uSanta Anna. Kamva waba ngumongameli wexeshana, ephumeza utshintsho lokuqala lwenkululeko.
- UFlorencio Villareal: Wayeligosa lomkhosi laseMexico elivela eCuba, elalisebenzisana nabavukeli ekusekeni utshintsho. Wayengomnye wamajoni aseMexico. Abantu ababalulekileyo ekubhalweni nasekubhengezweni kweSicwangciso se-Ayutlaukufaka isandla kumava akhe emkhosini kunye nokuzinikela kwakhe kwiprojekthi yenkululeko eyayifuna ukuseka i-republic emele ngokwenene.
- Intuthuzelo kaIgnacio: UmMexico owangena ezihlangwini zikaJuan Ćlvarez njengomongameli. Ekuqaleni wayesebenzisana noSanta Anna kwizigaba zokuqala zomsebenzi wakhe, kodwa ekugqibeleni wajoyina intshukumo yenkululeko waza wayixhasa ngokupheleleyo iCebo lika-Ayutla. Njengomongameli, Waqalisa utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwi-slogan ye-liberalWahlanganisa ukusetyenziswa koMthetho kaJuĆ”rez kunye noMthetho kaLerdo waza waqhubeka nokungqubana okuvulekileyo neCawa yamaKatolika, eyayifumene izikhundla zamandla kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko phantsi koorhulumente abagcina izithethe. Ulawulo lwakhe lwaqhubeka nenkqubo yotshintsho eyaqalwa yiNguquko yase-Ayutla.
Ukongeza kwaba balinganiswa baphambili, kukho nabanye abantu abakholelwa ekubeni liberal abafana UBenito JuĆ”rez, uMelchor Ocampo, uGuillermo Prieto kunye noIgnacio RamĆrez Badlale indima ebalulekileyo kwixesha elalandela uloyiso e-Ayutla, bekhonza kwiikhabhinethi, bebhala imithetho, kwaye benegalelo kwisakhelo seembono esasiza kuyila inkqubo entsha yeriphabliki. Ngoko ke, uguquko lwase-Ayutla aluzange luphelele nje ekubhukuqeni uzwilakhe kodwa lukwavule indlela yokuba kubekho isizukulwana seenkokheli ezifuna utshintsho oko kwakuza kuyila imeko yezopolitiko nentlalo yaseMexico ukususela ngoko.
Inguqulelo ye-Ayutla namhlanje iqondwa njenge- uvukelo olukhulu oludumileyo nolukhululekileyoAkuzange kupheleliswe ekuthatheni indawo yomlawuli, kodwa kwabangela utshintsho kwisakhiwo kwindlela amandla, ubuzwe, kunye nobudlelwane phakathi koRhulumente, iCawa, kunye nomkhosi obucingelwa ngayo. Izizathu kunye nemiphumo yalo zihlala zibalulekile ekuqondeni ukwakhiwa koRhulumente wanamhlanje waseMexico kunye nomzabalazo wembali wokulingana, ukuba semthethweni, kunye nokuzimela kwesizwe.