Abafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo abagqibe inkqubo ye Ingqiqo ukunciphisa iimpawu zoxinzelelo, unxunguphalo noxinzelelo ukuya kuthi ga kwiinyanga ezintandathu emva kokuphela kwenkqubo. Ayibanciphisanga nje kuphela, kodwa babengenamathuba okuba neempawu ezinjalo. Isifundo besikhokelwa nguNjingalwazi Filip Raes, ovela kwiFakhalthi yezePsychology kunye nezeNzululwazi ngezeMfundo kwiYunivesithi yamaKatolika yaseLeuven (eBelgium). Utitshala ungowokuqala ukuphonononga ubukrelekrele kwisampulu enkulu yabakwishumi elivisayo kwindawo efana nesikolo.
Ingqondo yindlela yokucamngca ejolise ekusebenziseni ingqalelo. Ukudakumba kaninzi kuneengcambu zayo kwi-spiral ye iimvakalelo ezimbi namaxhala. Kanye xa umntu efunda ziqonde ezi mvakalelo ngokukhawuleza kunye neengcinga, unokungenelela ngaphambi kokuba ukudakumba kubonakalise.
Ngelixa ukucamngca kuvavanywa ngokubanzi kwaye kusetyenziswa kwizigulana ezinokudakumba, Eli lixesha lokuqala ukuba le ndlela ifundwe kwiqela labakwishumi elivisayo kwindawo esekwe esikolweni. Uphononongo lwenziwe kwizikolo eziziisekondari ezintlanu eFlanders, eBelgium. Around abafundi abangaphezu kwama-400 Abo baphakathi kwe-13 kunye ne-20 leminyaka ubudala bathathe inxaxheba kolu phando. Abafundi bahlulwe baba liqela lovavanyo kunye neqela lolawulo. Iqela lokuvavanya lafumana le nkqubo yokuCamngca kwaye iqela lolawulo alizange lifumane uqeqesho. Phambi kwesifundo, omabini la maqela agqibile iphepha lemibuzo ukufumana kunye nokulinganisa iimpawu zoxinzelelo, uxinzelelo, okanye uxinzelelo. Omabini la maqela azalise iphepha lemibuzo kwakhona emva koqeqesho, emva koko kwaphinda okwesithathu emva kweenyanga ezintandathu.
Ngaphambi kokuba inkqubo iqale, zombini iqela lokuvavanya (21%) kunye neqela lokulawula (24%) linepesenti efanayo yabafundi abaneempawu zokudakumba. Emva kwenkqubo yeMindfulness, elo nani lalisezantsi kakhulu kwiqela lovavanyo. 15% ngokuchasene ne-27% kwiqela lolawulo. Lo mahluko uqhubekile kwiinyanga ezintandathu emva koqeqesho: I-16% yeqela lovavanyo ngokuchasene ne-31% yeqela lolawulo.
Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ingqalelo enenkathalo Ingakhokelela ekunciphiseni iimpawu ezinxulumene nokudakumba kwaye, ngaphezu koko, ukukhusela ekuphuhliseni ngakumbi iimpawu ezinxulumene nokudakumba.
Yaphunyezwa njani inkqubo eklasini
Uqeqesho olwanikwa eklasini lwalu yakhiwe kwaye iyasebenzaYayiquka imiyalelo ekhokelwayo ukuphefumla okungqondweni, imithambo ukuskena umzimbaizithuba ze yabelana ngamava Emva kokuziqhelanisa, imizuzu ye ukubonakalisa iqelaemfutshane amabali akhuthazayo kunye nemfundo yepsychoeducational kwi uxinzelelo, ukuxinezeleka y ukuzikhathalelaLe ndibaniselwano, kunye neeseshoni eziqhelekileyo kunye nezicwangciso ezilula, zivumela ulutsha ukuba luphuhlise ukuzilawula kunye nezakhono ezizinzileyo zokuqwalaselwa kwimeko yemihla ngemihla njengesikolo.
- Ukuphefumla ngengqondo: Gxininisa ingqalelo yakho ekuhambeni kokuphefumla ukuzinzisa ingqondo yakho.
- Ukuqaphela umzimba: qaphela imizwa yomzimba ukugxininisa ingqalelo ngoku.
- Incoko yababini ecamngcayo: lungisa ubunzima kwaye ubethelele ukufunda ngokweemvakalelo phakathi koontanga.
- Imfundo yengqondo emfutshane: Ukuqonda ukuba uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo lukhula njani ukungonwabi kwaye zeziphi izibonelelo onokuthi uzifake isicelo.
Uyilo lofundo kunye namanani aphambili
Ulingo lusebenzise uyilo Iqela elingenamkhethe (iiklasi kunye nezikolo), kunye iqela lokulinga y iqela lolawulo Ngaphandle kokungenelela. Bangaphezu kwamakhulu amane abafikisayo abavela kumagumbi okufundela ahlukeneyo eFlanders abathe bathatha inxaxheba. Umlinganiselo wathathwa phambi kwenkqubo, ngoko nangoko emva sele iinyanga ezintandathuUkunciphisa iimpawu zokudakumba, ukuxhalaba, kunye noxinzelelo lwaluhambelana kwaye luzinzile, lubonisa iziphumo zokuthintela okwesibini. Kubafundi abanomdla kwindlela yokusebenza, inqaku lezemfundo liyafumaneka kwi-DOI yalo: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0202-1.
Lo mzekelo weziphumo uyahambelana meta-uhlalutyo kunye nezilingo ezivavanyiweyo ukungenelela okusekwe kwingqondo Kubantwana kunye nabemi abafikisayo: xa kuthelekiswa nokhathalelo oluqhelekileyo, ukuphuculwa kuyabonwa ngqalelo, funcionamiento ejecutivo, ixhala/uxinzelelo y iimpawu zokudakumba, kunye nesindululo sokuqhubeka nokuqokelela ubungqina kunye neesampuli ezinkulu zokuqinisa ukuqina kweziphumo.
Zithini izikhokelo zeklinikhi kunye nobungqina obuthelekisayo?
Izikhokelo kunye nezishwankathelo zobungqina zibeka i Unyango lokuziphatha ngengqondo (CBT) njengonyango lwengqondo ye umgca wangaphambili ngenxa ukuphazamiseka koxinzelelo kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayobobabini ngabanye nangamaqela. Ungenelelo olusekwe kwingqondo (MBI) Zixatyiswa njenge umphelelisi Iluncedo kwaye inokunciphisa iimpawu kunye nokuphucula impilo-ntle, ngakumbi kwiimeko zemfundo kunye nokuthintela, nangona uphando olongezelelweyo kwimpembelelo yalo ethile ngokuxilongwa lukhuthazwa.
- I-TCC: Yandisa amazinga okuxolelwa kunye nokuphucula iimpawu; indibaniselwano ye-CBT kunye ne-pharmacotherapy inokuphucula impendulo yeklinikhi kwiimeko ezikhethiweyo.
- Ukuqaphela: iluncedo kwi ukulawulwa ngokweemvakalelo, ukuncitshiswa kwe uxinzelelo y uxhalabaUbungqina obuthembisayo ezikolweni nanjengenkxaso yempilo yengqondo.
- Iingcebiso ezilumkileyo: phantsi kweemeko ezithile ezifana ixhala loluntuEzinye izikhokelo azicebisi ukucinga ngokuqhubekayo, ukubeka phambili i-CBT egxininisekileyo.
Kukho izilingo kunye nolutsha olukwishumi elivisayo kwizicwangciso zeklinikhi (umzekelo, ukucutha uxinzelelo olusekwe kwingqondo okongeziweyo kunyango oluqhelekileyo) olubonise ukuncipha ixhala lombuso, iimpawu zokudakumba, uxinzelelo olubonwayo kunye nezalathi ze paranoia, ukuqinisa indima ye-IBM njengongenelelo iqhotyoshelwe iyasebenza
Iingcamango ezisebenzayo zokwazisa ingqondo eklasini
Amava emfundo amaninzi, kubandakanywa iiprojekthi ezithile ze ingqondo ezikolweniBabonisa ukuba iidosi ezincinci, ezakhiwe kakuhle zivelisa izibonelelo ezibonakalayo kwimozulu yegumbi lokufundela kunye nokuphila kakuhle. Ezinye izindululo ekulula ukuziphumeza zezi:
- Isithethe sokuvula (imizuzu emi-5): Ukuphefumla kancinci ukwazi ukujonga ingqalelo ngaphambi kokuba uqalise.
- Ukujongwa ngokweemvakalelo: nqumama ukuqaphela indlela endiziva ngayo kunye nokukhankanya iimvakalelo ngaphandle kokugweba.
- Buyela ngembeko: qeqesha i buyela emsebenzini Xa kubonakala ukuphazamiseka, ngaphandle kokukhalinyelwa.
- Ukuzikhathalela ngokuyilayo: umbala, ukubhala okucacileyo, okanye ukuskena komzimba okukhokelwayo ukudibanisa Ukungeniswa.
- Imida enentlonipho: Ziqhelise ukuthi “hayi” ngembeko ukuze womeleze ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokhuseleko lweemvakalelo.
Ngokuhambelanayo, uphuhliso lwe izakhono zokufundisa Ukuba nengqiqo kukhuthaza ulawulo loxinzelelo kootitshala, uvelwano kunye melela xa kujongwe ukuntsonkotha kwegumbi lokufundela, nefuthe elingathanga ngqo elinokubakho kwindlela yokusebenza nemozulu yeqela.
Iindlela zothintelo ezikolweni ezisekelwe kubuchule bengqondo nazo ziye zavavanywa, ezifana ne Ukwamkelwa kunye nonyango lokuzibophelela kubafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo, kunye neefomathi zeqela ezijolise ekuxhalabeni kwiimeko zesikolo, ezibonisa ukuba nokwenzeka, ukwamkelwa okulungileyo kunye nobukhulu besiphumo esifanelekileyo, ukuhlahlela indlela yezilingo ezinkulu.
Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ukudibanisa iinkqubo ezimfutshane, zesiqhelo nezilungelelanisiweyo Iinkqubo zokucinga ngengqondo ezikolweni zinokunceda ukunciphisa iimpawu zokudakumba, ukuxhalaba, kunye noxinzelelo kulutsha, ngelixa ukomeleza izakhono ze ukuzazi y ukuzilawulaI-CBT ihlala isalathiso seklinikhi yokuphazamiseka kokuxhalaba, kwaye ukucinga kusebenza njengeqabane elincedisayo lokufundisa kunye nelonyango elibonelela ngexabiso elongezelelweyo kuthintelo kunye nokuphila kakuhle.