Ngeli xesha, uluntu lubone utshintsho olukhulu kwinqanaba nkcubeko y ezenkolo nto leyo eyatshintsha indlela abaziphethe ngayo. Kukwakho notshintsho olukhulu kwinqanaba kwezopolitiko, ngokwezoqoqosho y zentlalo eyamisela ikamva lemimandla eyahlukeneyo yaseYurophu, kwaye ngokungathanga ngqo, lenxalenye enkulu yehlabathi.
Namhlanje, besifuna ukukuzisa ulwazi oluvela kwiXesha Eliphakathi ukuba uyazi, ukuze ukwazi ukubona ukuba zeziphi izithethe esizamkelayo njengoluntu kwaye sihlale namhlanje, zeziphi iinkolelo esizigcinayo kweli xesha kwaye kubaluleke kangakanani kwisiphelo sobuntu.
Athini amaXesha Aphakathi?
Ixesha eliPhakathi lixesha lembali eliphakathi Iminyaka emidala kunye Ixesha langokuIgubungela malunga newaka leminyaka kwaye eYurophu ichazwa njenge ukuqhekeka kwezopolitiko, i umyalelo wobukhosi kunye ubukhulu beCawa yamaKristu njengegunya eliphambili lokomoya kunye nelinye lamandla amakhulu entlalo.
Ngokubanzi, kuthathwa njengokuqala emva kokuqhekeka Ubukhosi baseRoma baseNtshona kwaye iyaqhubeka de kubekho uthotho lweenguqu ezivulela ithuba inqanaba elitsha, eliphawulwa kukuqiniswa kwe amazwe obukumkaniukwandiswa kwe urhwebo olude kwaye kamva, ulwandiso lwaphesheya kweelwandle, ukunyuka kwe zixeko kunye nokuzalwa kwengqondo engakumbi umntu ogxile kwimvelaphi yabantu kunye nomntu othanda inkcubeko yabantu.
Ixesha lobumnyama, okanye ixesha lokungazi, ngokwesiko lichazwa njengexesha elicinezela kakhulu uluntu. go nyameloIimfazwe ezingapheliyo kunye nobhubhane zichaphazele ubomi bomntu ngamnye ngokuthe ngqo, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuqhubeka kwe YeCawa kumandla oluntu nangentando yemibutho eyahlukeneyo ukumisela umyalelo omnye. Nangona kunjalo, namhlanje kuyaziwa ukuba ecaleni kwezi nkalo bekukho nezigaba phu melelaizinto ezintsha zobugcisa, ukuchuma kobugcisa, kunye nokuzalwa kwamaziko abaluleke njenge iikholeji.
Ngaphezu koko, eli xesha libe nefuthe elikhulu kwimbali ubugcisa ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinemiyalelo eyahlukeneyo yokwakha kunye nophuhliso lweendlela ezifana pre-romanesque, i YaseRoma kunye IsiGothic, nto leyo eyayisoloko iphawula imeko-bume yezixeko zaseYurophu.
Ngeli xesha, Iintshukumo zobugcisa Bachuma ngenxa yeemfuno zonxibelelwano ezifunyanwa luluntu. Ubukho bukaThixo njengeyona nto iphambili yoloyiko nethemba yayikukukhuthaza imisebenzi emininzi emikhulu yeXesha Eliphakathi. Ubugcisa obahlukeneyo, obufana noncwadi, umzobo, uyilo lwezakhiwo, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo, kunye nomculo, babubalulekile kwizinto ezinobuchule nezingenabundlobongela kweli xesha.
Amanqanaba eXesha Eliphakathi
Masiqale ngokwahlulahlula iXesha Eliphakathi libe amanqanabaKuyo yonke le maxesha bekukho utshintsho olukhulu lwenkcubeko, lwezopolitiko nolwenguquko olusivumela ukuba siqonde ngcono ubunzima bazo.
Alta Edad Media
IXesha Eliphakathi Eliphezulu liquka phantse Inkulungwane yesi-5 ukuya kweye-11Ngeli xesha leenkulungwane umzekelo ubugqwetha kwinqanaba layo loqeqesho, elaliquka amandla aqinileyo ulawulo lweklasi yoluntu eyayibabeka phantsi abo bangenamalungelo. Ubomi buya busiba semaphandleni ngakumbi, izixeko ezininzi ezindala zilahlekelwa bukubaluleka, kwaye amandla aqhekeka abe zizinto ezininzi. Izikumkani zaseJamani kunye neenkosi zasekuhlaleni.
Imifanekiso efana ne i-rey, la isidima kunye Abefundisi Babemisela ikamva labantu abaqhelekileyo nabalimi. Abokuqala babenamandla okugqiba ngobomi nomsebenzi wabo, ababehlala becalucalulwa kwaye behlaziswa ngenxa yemeko yabo yezoqoqosho. Kwangaxeshanye, eli xesha labona ukuhlanganiswa... inkolo yamaKrestu eNtshona naseMpuma Yurophu, kunye inkolo yamaSilamsi Yanda ngokukhawuleza kwiMpuma Ekufutshane, eMntla Afrika nakwiSithili sase-Iberia, idala imeko apho impucuko ezininzi ezinkulu zihlala kunye kwaye zikhuphisana.
Baja Edad Media
IXesha Eliphakathi Eliphakathi liquka phantse Inkulungwane ye-12 ukuya kweye-15Ngeli xesha leminyaka, ubuKristu baba yinto exhaphakileyo ngenxa Imfazwe YomnqamlezoIihambo zomkhosi ezazicwangciswe zivela eNtshona Yurophu ngenjongo echaziweyo yokubuyisela iLizwe eliNgcwele kunye nokumisa ukuqhubela phambili kweSilamsi, kodwa ezathi zasabela nakwimidla yezopolitiko neyezorhwebo.
Kule nqanaba, into ephawulekayo ukuphinda kuvuselelwe kwezixeko, ukuqiniswa shishini kunye nokuzalwa kodidi olutsha lwentlalo: oohlohlesakhe, eyenziwe ziingcibi kunye nabarhwebi basezidolophini. Uqoqosho lweendawo ezininzi luyakhula, kwaye inxalenye yabemi iqala ukuhlala kwiindawo zasezidolophini endaweni yokuhlala emasimini nakwiilali kuphela.
Nangona kunjalo, kwiinkulungwane zokugqibela ubukho izibetho kwaye izifo ezifana noKufa Okumnyama zatshabalalisa uluntu lwamaxesha aphakathi, zabangela ubunzima obukhulu iingxaki zabantuindlala neengxabano zentlalo. Olu luhlu lweenguqu, kunye nemibuzo malunga nomyalelo wobukhosi, lwavula indlela yokutshintshela kwiXesha lanamhlanje, ngeemodeli ezintsha zezopolitiko nezoqoqosho.
Isishwankathelo: Ezopolitiko, Amandla, kunye nobuFeudalism
UbuFeudalism: inkqubo yezopolitiko, yentlalo, neyoqoqosho
El ubugqwetha Yayiyeyona modeli ibalaseleyo kwiindawo ezininzi zaseYurophu ngexesha leMinyaka Ephakathi, nangona yayinezingqisho ezahlukeneyo kunye neenguqu ezixhomekeke kummandla. Ngaphezu kwenkqubo eqinileyo, yayiluthungelwano lwe ubudlelwane bomntu kunye nokuxhomekeka phakathi kwabantu abanezikhundla ezahlukeneyo.
Phezulu kwakukho i-rey, eyanika imihlaba nembeko kubantu abakhulu izidwangube (iinduke, ii-counts, ii-marquesses) ngokutshintshiselana ukunyaniseka, ibhunga y inkonzo yezelizweEzi zihandiba, zona ke, zanika iinxalenye zeendawo zazo kwiinkosi ezikumgangatho ophantsi, zenza isakhiwo sepiramidi apho ikhonkco ngalinye lalikho ngaxeshanye. umkhonzi kumntu ongaphezulu mnumzana kwabo babengaphantsi kwabo.
Ukunikezelwa kwemihlaba, ebizwa ngokuba ubukhosiYenziwe ngokusesikweni ngomsitho ohloniphekileyo irhafu y vassalageIsicaka saguqa ngamadolo, sabeka izandla zaso phakathi kwezo zenkosi, saza safunga ukuzinikela. Ngenxa yoko, asizange sifumane ubunini obupheleleyo bomhlaba, kodwa safumana ilungelo lokusebenzisa imali mboleko nokusebenzisa igunya kuloo mmandla.
Emazantsi ale piramidi kwakukho abalimi kwaye ngaphezu kwayo yonke into abakhonziAbakhonzi babe idibene nomhlabaBabengenakukwazi ukuhamba okanye ukutshintsha iinkosi ngokukhululekileyo, kwaye kwakufuneka banikele ngenxalenye yesivuno sabo, bahlawule iirhafu ezahlukeneyo, baze basebenze simahla ngeentsuku ezithile kwi indawo yokugcina impahla kawonkewonkeNgenxa yoko, bafumana ukhuseleko lomkhosi kunye nelungelo lokulima iziza ukuze baphile.
Le modeli ibangele ukuba kube nzima kakhulu basemaphandleni kwaye bazimeleUlawulo ngalunye lwalusoloko luvelisa phantse yonke into efunekayo: ukutya, amalaphu, izixhobo ezisisiseko. Urhwebo olude lwancipha kwiinkulungwane zokuqala, kodwa lwavuselelwa ngamandla ngasekupheleni kweXesha Eliphakathi.
Ukuqhekeka kwamandla kunye nokuphakama kwezikumkani
Emva kokuwa koBukhosi bamaRoma baseNtshona, umanyano lwezopolitiko loLwandlekazi iMeditera lwaqhekeka. Kwavela iindawo ezintsha ezininzi kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Izikumkani zaseJamani (amaVisigoth, amaFrank, amaOstrogoth, amaAnglo-Saxon, amaLombard, phakathi kwabanye) abamkela izakhiwo nemithetho yamaRoma, kodwa badibanisa nezithethe zabo.
Kwinxalenye esempuma, uBukhosi baseRoma bamandulo basinda, baguqulwa baba Ubukhosi baseByzantiumkunye nekomkhulu layo eConstantinople, eyayigcina ulawulo oludibeneyo, uqoqosho lwezemali, kunye nobomi basezidolophini obutyebileyo. Obu Bukumkani basebenza njengebhulorho phakathi Ilifa lamaGrike namaRoma kunye nehlabathi laseLatini eliphakathi.
Ngaxeshanye, ukwandiswa inkolo yamaSilamsi kwabangela amandla iikhalifathi kunye nee-emirates kuMbindi Mpuma, eMntla Afrika, nakwiindawo ezithile ezikumzantsi Yurophu. Izixeko ezifana Bagdad, ECórdoba, Ngaba o Cairo Baba ngamaziko enkcubeko, isayensi, kunye norhwebo, bechaphazela kakhulu uphuhliso lwaseYurophu ngokutshintshiselana ngeengxabano.
ENtshona, igunya lookumkani lalidla ngokuba lelokucinga kunokuba libe lelokwenyani, kuba iinkosi zobukhosi Abalawuli abanamandla babenokulawula iindawo ezinkulu, balawule ubulungisa, baze baqokelele irhafu efana neenkosi ezincinci. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezinye izikumkani zifana EFransi, ENgilani okanye iikumkani zeSithili saseIberia zaqala amandla akutshanjeukudala ulawulo oluqinileyo kunye nokuqhubekela phambili kwixesha elizayo amazwe-amazwe.
Icawe njengesikhungo samandla nomanyano
ICawa yamaKristu, zombini ngokwembono yayo AmaKatolika aseLatin njengakwi Eastern OrthodoxWayelawula phantse ngokupheleleyo ubomi bomoya kwaye wayenamandla amakhulu okuchaphazela ubomi bentlalo. ENtshona Yurophu, papa Kwaye ulawulo lwecawa lwalunamandla okuziphatha nawobupolitika aqinileyo: babethwesa ookumkani izithsaba, bemisela ookumkani ngokusemthethweni, kwaye babenokujongana nabo kwiingxabano ezifana nezo zaziwayo. Impikiswano yotyalo-mali, apho kwaxoxwa khona ngokuba ngubani onelungelo lokumisela oobhishophu.
El ukoyika uThixoIsono nesohlwayo esingunaphakade yayizizinto ezazilawula kwaye zilawula abantu bamandulo. Uninzi lwabantu lwalujonga ihlabathi ngokwembono ethile. i-theocentricapho uThixo wayeyintloko yezinto zonke. Ibandla lalilawula kwimfundo esemthethweni, iincwadi ezigunyazisiweyo kunye nenxalenye enkulu yobulungisa enxulumene nemicimbi yokuziphatha, yomtshato neyenkolo.
Ngaphandle kwempembelelo yayo yokomoya, iCawa yayiyenye yezona zinkulu abanini-mhlaba kwaye yaqokelela amandla amakhulu kwezoqoqosho ngenxa Izishumiiminikelo, ilifa, kunye namalungelo erhafu. Eminye imimandla, ebizwa ngokuba Amazwe ePapaBabelawulwa ngqo ngupopu, nto leyo eyaqinisa indima yakhe njengegunya lezopolitiko.
Kwicandelo lolawulo lwembono, amaziko afana ne- YokuNcina Basebenza njengeenkundla ezikhethekileyo zokutshutshisa nokugweba abo babecingelwa ukuba abaqhekeki okanye abo baphambukile kwimfundiso yesithethe. Nangona iindlela zabo kunye nobubanzi babo bahlukahluka ngokwemimandla namaxesha, isoyikiso sokutyholwa ngokuvukela umthetho sasisebenza njengendlela enamandla yoqeqesho loluntu.
Uqoqosho lwezolimo, urhwebo kunye nobomi basezidolophini
Ezolimo kunye nemihlaba yasemaphandleni
Phakathi kweempawu zeXesha Eliphakathi sifumana uphuhliso zolimo njengomsebenzi ophambili wezoqoqosho. Uninzi lwabemi babehlala emaphandleni kwaye bexhomekeke kwimisebenzi yezolimo ukuze baphile. Utyalo-mali lwemizamo lwaluphezulu kakhulu kwaye imbuyekezo yayiphantsi kakhulu, kodwa ukukhula kweendlela zolimo, njengokujikeleza izityalo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamakhuba amatsha kwiindawo ezithile, kwavumela imveliso ukuba ikhule kancinci kancinci.
Kwimimandla emininzi, kwahlelwa amaqela amakhulu iindawo zasemaphandleni apho inkosi yayigxininisa ulawulo lomhlaba, amahlathi, iifektri, kunye nezinye izixhobo. Umlimi, nokuba ukhululekile okanye ulikhoboka, wayenyanzelekile ukuba anikezele ngenxalenye yesivuno sakhe okanye asebenzele simahla iintsuku ezimbalwa ngenxa yentando yenkosi. Olu lwalamano phakathi kweenkosi nabalimi lusisiseko sendlela yokuvelisa ye-feudal kwaye luchaza amandla aqinileyo. ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho phakathi kwamanye amaqela kunye namanye.
Ukuvuselelwa korhwebo nezixeko
Nangona urhwebo lwemigama emide lwehla kakhulu kwiXesha Eliphakathi Eliphezulu, ukususela kwiinkulungwane eziphakathi zexesha eliphakathi ukuya phambili kwakukho ingqikelelo ecacileyo. ukuvuselelwa kwezixekoIzixeko zamandulo zavuselelwa kwaye kwavela amaziko amatsha asezidolophini ajikeleze zona iinqaba, zoonongendi kunye neendlela ezinqumlayo.
Ezi ndawo zasezidolophini zaba ziindawo apho urhwebo lwaluqhubeka ngamandla, zombini iimveliso zolimo njenge imvelisoIimboniso zamazwe ngamazwe, ezifana nezo zikwimimandla ethile yaseYurophu, zazidibanisa abathengisi abavela emantla nasezantsi, zisenza kube lula ukutshintshiselana ngelaphu, iwayini, iziqholo, isinyithi, uboya nezinye iimpahla.
Ukwanda kwezorhwebo kuzise ukomelezwa kodidi olutsha lwentlalo: oongxowankulu basezidolophiniEli qela, elalibunjwe ngabarhwebi, iibhanki, kunye neengcibi ezibalaseleyo, alizange lihambelane ngokupheleleyo nolawulo lwemveli lwamakhosikazi, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni... ukungavisisani kwezentlalo Ekuhambeni kwexesha, yayikhuthaza ukuguqulwa kwezakhiwo zezopolitiko nezoqoqosho zibe ziimodeli zobukapitali ngakumbi.
Ngaphakathi kwizixeko, imibutho IiGuilds zazilawula imveliso yobugcisa: zazilawula umgangatho wemveliso, amaxabiso, uqeqesho lwabafundi, kunye nokufikelela kwisikhundla sokuba yi-master status. Le ntlangano yayikhusela abavelisi, kodwa yayikwathintela ukhuphiswano kunye nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha ngokukhawuleza.
Uluntu lwamaxesha aphakathi: iiklasi zentlalo kunye nokungalingani
Iphiramidi yentlalo kunye neeklasi zentlalo
Uluntu lwamaxesha aphakathi lwahlulwe ngokwemigaqo iiklasi kunye nelifaKulandela ulwakhiwo oluyipiramidi olwaluseka ulungelelwano olusekwe kwiingenelo zoqoqosho nezentlalo ezazinazo iqela ngalinye. Phezulu kwakukho i-rey kunye izidwangube eziphezuluemva koko, Abefundisi eqhelekileyo neyonqulo; kwaye ezantsi, abalimiiingcibi kunye nabanye abasebenzi.
Bekusoloko kuthethwe ngezintathu ezinkulu imiyalelo ezentlalo: abo izinga (abefundisi), abo ukulwa (izikhulu) kunye nabo bayasebenza (abantu abaqhelekileyo). Olu qhekeko lwavezwa njengoko uThixo wayethanda, ngoko ke, lwendalo kwaye aluguquki. Ukubuza ngalo mbuzo akuthethi nje kuphela umngeni wezopolitiko, kodwa kwanowonqulo.
Ukuhambahamba kwabantu kwakunqongophele kakhulu: ukuzalelwa kudidi oluthile lwentlalo kwakuye kwamisela phantse ngokupheleleyo ikamva lomntu. Enye yeendlela ezimbalwa zokuqhubela phambili kwabo babengengabo abo bahloniphekileyo yayikukungena emkhosini. Abefundisiapho amanye amadoda ayenokunyuka aye kwizikhundla ezibalulekileyo aze afumane imfundo.
Ukungalingani ngokwesini kunye nendima yabasetyhini
Kwiimeko ezininzi zexesha lakudala, bafazi Babekwimeko ecacileyo yokuba baphantsi xa kuthelekiswa namadoda. Imithetho, amasiko, kunye nendlela yokucinga eyayixhaphakile yayibajonga njengabo. phantsi ngokomthetho nangokwentlaloIndima yakhe yayinxulunyaniswa kakhulu familia, la ukuzala kunye nemisebenzi yasekhaya.
Nangona kunjalo, inyani yabo yayihluke kakhulu: abafazi abalimi ababesebenza emhlabeni, iingcibi ezazisebenzisana kwiindibano zokusebenzela iintsapho, abarhwebi ababandakanyeka kumashishini asezidolophini, izidwangube ezazilawula imihlaba xa amadoda azo engekho, kwanabo iikumkanikazi y abalawuli enempembelelo enkulu kwezopolitiko. Kubomi benkolo, Ngoonongendi Kwaye ii-abbesses zazinokuqhuba iimonasteri ezinamandla kwaye zizinikezele ekufundeni, ekubhaleni, nasekunyamekeleni amahlwempu nabagulayo.
Ubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye nengqondo
Ngaphaya kwamaziko amakhulu, ukuze siqonde ngokwenene amaXesha Aphakathi kubalulekile ukusondela ubomi bemihla ngemihla kwabantu kunye nabo ngqondweniUninzi lwabemi lwaluhlala kwiilali ezincinci, belima umhlaba, kwaye becwangcisa ikhalenda yabo malunga nomsebenzi wezolimo kunye nemibhiyozo yonqulo.
Uloyiko lwe izifo ezingubhubhaniIndlala, imfazwe, nesohlwayo sikaThixo zazizizisongelo ezihlala zihleli, ezazikhuthaza isimo sengqondo intobelo kwizithethe nakwigunya lenkolo. Nangona kunjalo, kwakukho nendawo yokuba iqelaAmahlaya kunye nokwaphulwa kwemithetho eqhelekileyo, umzekelo kwimibhiyozo ye-carnival, imiboniso kunye nemibhiyozo yasekuhlaleni apho iindima zentlalo zaguqulwa okwethutyana.
La familia Usapho yayilicandelo elisisiseko lombutho wentlalo, kwaye iindima zaziphawulwa kakhulu sisini kunye nesikhundla. Abafazi, ngokubanzi, babephantsi kwamadoda, kodwa babenokudlala indima esebenzayo kumsebenzi wezolimo, kwiindawo zokusebenzela ubugcisa, kurhwebo, kwanakwezopolitiko xa babengamalungu eentsapho eziphezulu okanye bengena kubomi bonqulo.
Esixekweni, ubomi babujikeleza imibutho, Las amarhamente kunye neenkampani zikamasipala. Ukwanda korhwebo kwavelisa amathuba amatsha, kodwa kwavelisa neengxabano ezintsha phakathi kwabatyebileyo nabangamahlwempu, phakathi kweentsapho ezindala zasezidolophini kunye nabasandul' ukufika abafuna ukuphumelela.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwamaqela eenkolo ahlukeneyo babungumbandela onzima kuyo yonke iMinyaka Ephakathi. YamaYuda y Muslim Babehlala namaKristu kwezinye iindawo, kodwa batshutshiswa, baphoqeleka ukuba baguquke baze bagxothwe, ingakumbi ngamaxesha oxinzelelo olukhulu kuluntu kunye nobunzima.
Xa zonke ezi mpawu ziqwalaselwe kunye, kuyacaca ukuba iXesha Eliphakathi lalilixesha elibaluleke ngakumbi kunelokuqala. ezahlukahlukeneyo, ngamandla y yokudala kunokuba bekucingelwa ixesha elide. Ukuyiqonda ngobuchule kusenza sikwazi ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi izinto zentlangano yethu yezopolitiko, iinkolelo zethu, kunye nenkcubeko yethu ezineengcambu ezinzulu kwezo nkulungwane zikude kunye nesizathu sokuba ziqhubeke zinefuthe kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.
Ubomi benkcubeko, ubugcisa kunye noyilo lwezakhiwo zamandulo
ICawa kunye nempembelelo yenkcubeko
ICawa yayingeyonto nje kuphela eyayiyindawo yezopolitiko neyomoya, kodwa yayikwayindawo injini yenkcubekoIimonki kunye neecathedral zazisebenza njengeziko le ukukopishwa kwemibhalo-ngqangi...lokugcinwa kwemibhalo yakudala kunye nemveliso yengqondo. Ngenxa yalo msebenzi, imisebenzi ka intanda-bulumko, mayeza, kunene y literatura evela kwiXesha Lakudala.
Ezokuqala zavela kwiinkulungwane eziphakathi zeXesha Eliphakathi. iikholeji Amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo aseYurophu apho bafunde khona Inkululeko yobugcisa (igrama, intetho, ingqiqo, izibalo, ijiyometri, umculo kunye neenkwenkwezi) kunye nezifundo ezifana kunene, mayeza y izifundo zobuthixoEzi yunivesithi zitshintshe indlela ulwazi olwaluveliswa kwaye ludluliselwa ngayo, zakhuthaza ingxoxo kunye nokuhlelwa kolwazi.
Ubomi benkcubeko kunye nokuvela kobugcisa
Ubugcisa buba sisiseko njengendlela yokwenza intetho engokomfuziselo kwaye njengesixhobo sokufundisa kuluntu olungafundanga kangako. Ikwahlula amaxesha ahlukeneyo obugcisa abumba amaXesha Aphakathi, apho, ewe, inkolo njengomxholo ophambili, kodwa apho kuvela khona izinto ezingcolisayo, ezopolitiko nezobukrwada.
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa zamaxesha aphakathi zavela okanye zahlala ixesha elide ngokuxhomekeke kummandla, kwaye nganye yasabela kwiimfuno ezithile zokomoya, zobugcisa, kunye nezentlalo. Phakathi kwazo, ezi zilandelayo zivelele:
- Ubugcisa bobuKrestu bokuqala: Luhlobo lobugcisa bonqulo olubonisa ubomi bukaYesu kunye nabafeli-nkolo bokuqala. Ekuqaleni lwaphuhliswa ngasese ukukhusela abalandeli boNyana kaThixo kwintshutshiso. Izinto eziphambili zolu bugcisa ziquka... uluhlu lwamanani kunye nokubonakaliswa kobukho bukaThixo kwimo yomntu. Izixhobo zomsebenzi zihlelwe ngokwemigaqo umthetho we-frontality ilifa ngokuyinxenye kubugcisa baseYiputa nobaseRoma bamva nje.
- Ubugcisa baseByzantine: Igcina ukuthe ngqo kwayo kunye nobuntu bayo obuqinileyo. okomfuziseloImifanekiso eqingqiweyo, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo, kunye nomzobo ziyabonakala kakhulu ngeli xesha. Kusetyenziswa imibala eqaqambileyo kakhulu. odlamkileyoImvelaphi yegolide kunye neengoma ezingcwele ziphawuleka. zobugcisa iicawa kunye neebhotwe, kunye needome ezihonjiswe intshaInkcubeko yaseByzantine idibanisa ilifa lamaGrike namaRoma kunye neempembelelo yaseMpuma.
- Ubugcisa bamaSilamsi: ukwakheka kweefom kunye nencasa yazo motifs zokutyala kunye calligraphy Zibalasele kuzo zonke iinkalo, ingakumbi kwizakhiwo nakwimizobo yemizobo eqingqiweyo. Ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, bubugcisa. i-aniconist Ifumaneka kwiimeko zonqulo kwaye idla ngokusebenzisa izinto eziphantsi ezifana nezitena kunye neplasta. Inesimo esisebenzayo nesihombisayo, kwaye ifuna ukukholisa nokuzukisa uThixo ngokwesiko lamaSilamsi.
- Ubugcisa bangaphambi kobaseRoma: Ilula kakhulu kuneendlela ezithandwayo kamva. Idibanisa izinto amakristu kunye neempembelelo celts y IsiJamaniIzakhiwo zayo zihlala zincinci ngobukhulu, zihonjiswe ngendlela engenazingxaki kwaye zilungiswe ngendlela yezakhiwo ezitshintshela kwiRomanesque.
- Ubugcisa bamaRoma: ibonakaliswa ngu iindonga ezixineneyo, ii-arches ezisisiqingatha sesangqaii-vaults zeebhareli kunye nokukhanya okungalunganga ngaphakathi. Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo waseRoma, okhoyo kwiingcango nangaphakathi, unomsebenzi oqinileyo didacticIchaza iziganeko eziseBhayibhileni nezokuziphatha ngokusebenzisa imifanekiso egcwele imifuziselo.
- Ubugcisa beGothic: ezinkulu ziphambili izindlu zecawa kunye nee-basilicas ezinde. Ukusetyenziswa kwe igophe elitsolo, i iimpundu ezibhabhayo kunye Iifestile zeglasi ezinamabala Ivumela ukwakhiwa kweendawo ezinkulu nezikhanyayo. Injongo ephambili yoyilo lweGothic yayikukukhumbuza ukumangaliswa nentlonipho, ukuphakamisa amehlo akho kuThixo. Kwiindawo ezininzi zobuso umntu unokubona igargoles kunye nabantu abangaqhelekanga njengesilumkiso sokuziphatha kunye nesikhumbuzo sobubi, beqinisa imikhwa yonqulo yabemi.
- Ubugcisa bobuNkcubeko I-Renaissance yayilukhanyiselo olwangenisa ingcinga yanamhlanje. Ngeli xesha, ukoyika uThixo ngokupheleleyo kwaqala kancinci kancinci kwaza kwangena indlela yokujonga izinto ngendlela eyahlukileyo. umntu ongumntuKwaye umntu uqala ukuba ngumlinganiswa ophambili, oqondayo nowokufundwayo. Babuya ngamandla... ifilosofi yakudala kunye inzululwazi eyayingasasetyenziswa kangako njengeenkcubeko zamaGrike, nto leyo eyayivula indlela yesimo sengqondo esitsha.
Uncwadi kunye nengcinga kwiXesha Eliphakathi
Ukongeza kubugcisa obubonakalayo, amaXesha Aphakathi ashiyela ilifa ubutyebi obukhulu literatura kunye nophuhliso olunzulu lwe ingcinga yefilosofi neyenkoloUninzi lweentsomi namabali asasichukumisayo nanamhlanje azalwa ngeli xesha.
Uncwadi lwaseYurophu luneempawu imibongo ebalaseleyo kunye nemijikelo yobuqhawe, ebalisa amabali amaqhawe namaqhawe angamaKristu kwihlabathi umlingoIzidalwa ezimangalisayo kunye neemfazwe ezinkulu. La mabali adibanisa amaxabiso anjengembeko, ukunyaniseka, nothando olunembeko kunye neempawu zobuKristu kunye namasiko endawo.
Iindidi ezifana ne i-hagiography (ubomi babangcwele), iibhestiari eyayichaza izilwanyana zokwenyani nezentelekelelo ngokwembono yokuziphatha, iingomakunye neembongo zonqulo nezothando. Kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo zesintu, kwavela imisebenzi esisiseko efana ne "Cantar de mio Cid," "Beowulf," iinoveli zika-Arthurian, kwaye, kamva, imibhalo efana ne "Divine Comedy" okanye "Decameron," eyaqinisa utshintsho oluya kwindlela entsha yokucinga.
Kwifilosofi, amaXesha Aphakathi abonakaliswa yizinto ezibizwa ngokuba imfundoumzamo ocwangcisiweyo wokudibanisa Ukholo lobuKristu kunye iRazón Kwaye kunye nelifa lengqondo leXesha Eliqhelekileyo, ingakumbi uPlato no-Aristotle. Iingcali ezicinga ngobuKristu, amaJuda, namaSilamsi zixoxa ngemibuzo malunga nobuntu bukaThixo, ingxaki yobubi, inkululeko yokuzikhethela, ubudlelwane phakathi komphefumlo nomzimba, kunye nexabiso lolwazi oluvela kwi-empire.
Igalelo lengqondo nesayensi
Zonke iinkcubeko eziqulethwe kwiXesha Eliphakathi zibalulekile; nangona kunjalo, I-Renacimiento Yayilinqanaba eliqaqambileyo kakhulu xa kujongwa ukwanda kolwazi, apho umntu wayenokudlala iindima ezininzi: isazi sefilosofi, umyili wezakhiwo, ugqirha, ingcali yezengqondo ngendlela yangaphambi kwexesha lanamhlanje, umzobi, umqophi wemifanekiso, umbhali, utitshala, isazinzulu kwaye ekwaziyo ukujongana nemisebenzi emininzi kunye nesayensi.
Ngokusisiseko, uninzi lwemigaqo ye mayeza Izibalo zaseNtshona zavela kwinkqubela phambili yeXesha Eliphakathi kunye neRenaissance. inkqubo yovalo, ukuhamba kwegazi y ikhoUkufundwa kwezihlunu zomzimba kwaba yinto ecwangcisiweyo ngakumbi. Oku kwavumela ukuqonda ngcono izifo ezazithwaxa uluntu, nangona unyango lwalusadibanisa ulwazi olufunyenweyo kunye neengcamango ezihlekisayo kunye neengcaciso zonqulo.
Akufuneki silibale ukuba ezinye zezi nkqubela phambili zikhuthazwe zizinto eziphunyezwe yinzululwazi Ihlabathi lamaSilamsi kunye nokugcinwa kwemibhalo yakudala kwi IByzantiumIinguqulelo zesiLatini ezivela kwisiArabhu nesiGrike, ezenziwa kwiindawo ezifana neToledo okanye iSalerno, zazisa kwakhona eYurophu imisebenzi ka-Aristotle, uGalen, uEuclid kunye nabanye ababhali abasisiseko.
Ubufeudalism, ezopolitiko kunye nokuqhekeka kwamandla
UbuFeudalism kunye nobudlelwane bobukhoboka
UbuFeudalism babukho phantse kulo lonke ixesha lexesha lamaxesha aphakathi, ukuya kwinqanaba elikhulu okanye elincinci kuxhomekeke kummandla. Babuquka uthungelwano lwabantu izibophelelo ezifanayo phakathi kwabantu abanezikhundla ezahlukeneyo zentlalo. Kwelinye icala, ukumkani wanika imihlaba izidwangube kunye namajoni ngokutshintshiselana ngokuthembeka kunye nenkonzo yasemkhosini. Kwelinye icala, la madoda ahloniphekileyo ayenokunikezela inxalenye yale mihlaba kumajoni angaphantsi, ephinda avelise isakhiwo sepiramidi.
Emazantsi ale piramidi kwakukho abalimi kunye namakhoboka, awayesebenza umhlaba. Inzuzo yayiyeyenkosi yobukhosi, eyathi yona yanikela ukhuseleko nendawo yokukhosela, ingakumbi ngamaxesha okuhlaselwa okanye iimfazwe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukunyuka oohlohlesakhe Ukufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini kunye nophuhliso lorhwebo kwayitshabalalisa le nkqubo, kwavula indlela yeendlela ezintsha zoqoqosho kunye nokuqinisekiswa okuqhubekayo kwamandla obukumkani.
Ezopolitiko kunye nokuqhekeka kwamandla
Kwimiba yezopolitiko, amaXesha Aphakathi aphawulwa ukuqhekeka kwamandla nangokubakho kwamagunya amaninzi ngaxeshanye. ICawa, kwizikumkani ezininzi, yayiyi- Umthetho weMagna ukuziphatha kunye nombutho onamandla amakhulu okunika okanye ukwala ukuba abalawuli basemthethweni. Icebo lawo lokugcina impembelelo yawo laliquka ukusasaza uloyiko lukaThixo kunye nokunciphisa ukufikelela ekufundeni nasekubhaleni uninzi lwabantu, nto leyo eyaqinisa ulawulo lwabo kulwazi olugunyazisiweyo.
Ubukumkani bamaxesha aphakathi badibanisa izinto ze ubukumkani obuzuzwe njengelifa ngeempawu ezibonisa ulungelelwano lwendlu, apho izikhulu ezininzi zazinokuba namandla afana nookumkani kumazwe azo. Kulo lonke ixesha, kwavela iindlela zokumelwa kwezopolitiko, ezinje Cortes o iipalamenteapho izikhulu, abefundisi, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, abameli basezidolophini babethatha inxaxheba kwizigqibo zezimali okanye zomthetho.
Njengoko yena Abefundisi njenge kumkani Babenamandla kakhulu, nangona babenemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ebukumkanini. Bobabini babenokufikelela kwizibonelelo ezifanayo zezinto eziphathekayo kwaye babe nefuthe kuluntu. Ukongeza koku kwakukho amandla e- izidwangube zenkosi, yezixeko ezineemvume zazo kunye nemiyalelo yemikhosi neyeemonki, eyavelisa imephu yezopolitiko entsonkothileyo kakhulu.
Oku kuqhekeka kwakuthetha nokuba iYurophu yamandulo yayingeyonto inye, kodwa yayiyi-mosaic ye izikumkani, izixeko-izizweIinqila kunye neenkokheli ezinomdla ezazisoloko zidibana kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zingqubana. Kule nethiwekhi, ekugqibeleni kwakuza kuvela [imibutho engachazwanga]. amazwe-amazwe.
Inkolo, iiMfazwe zoMnqamlezo kunye noqhagamshelwano phakathi kweenkcubeko
IiMfazwe Zomnqamlezo nokwanda kweNgqobhoko
Las Imfazwe Yomnqamlezo Ezi yayiziintshukumo zomkhosi ezaqaliswa zivela eNtshona Yurophu ngenjongo echaziweyo yokubuyisa iLizwe eliNgcwele nokukhusela amaKristu aseMpuma. Ukongeza kumbono wabo wonqulo, basabela ku izinto ezinomdla kwezopolitiko, kumnqweno wokulawula iindlela zorhwebo kunye noxinzelelo oluvela kwisikhulu esiligorha esifuna imihlaba emitsha kunye nembeko.
La maphulo abe nefuthe elikhulu. Ngokwembono yenkcubeko, aqinise unxibelelwano phakathi kweMpuma neNtshona, ukukhuthaza ukutshintshiselana ngeemveliso, ulwazi, kunye neendlela zobugcisa. Ngokwembono yentlalo, babandakanya neziqendu zobundlobongela obugqithisileyo, ukutshutshiswa kwamaJuda eYurophu, kunye nokudalwa imiyalelo yomkhosi owadibanisa ubomi be-monastic kunye nobomi be-warrior.
Ukuhlalisana kunye nengxabano phakathi kweenkolo
IXesha Eliphakathi laliyindawo yoxinzelelo olukhulu iintlanganiso kunye nokutshintshiselana phakathi kwamaKristu, amaSilamsi, namaYuda. Kwezinye iindawo, njengakweminye imimandla yeSithili sase-Iberia okanye eMpuma Ekufutshane, bekukho amaxesha okuhlalisana ngoxolo kunye nokusebenzisana ngokwengqondo. Ngamanye amaxesha, iingxabano zezopolitiko nezonqulo zakhokelela ekubeni uleqa, ukuguqulwa ngenkani kunye nokugxothwa.
Ilifa lezi budlelwane alifani: kwelinye icala, iYurophu yazuza kulwazi lwesayensi, lwefilosofi, nolwezobugcisa lwezinye iinkcubeko; kwelinye icala, imifanekiso ebandlululayo "yezinye" yahlanganiswa, yachaphazela ukwakhiwa kobuzwe obuhlangeneyo.
Xa zonke ezi mpawu ziqwalaselwe kunye, kuyacaca ukuba iXesha Eliphakathi lalilixesha elibaluleke ngakumbi kunelokuqala. ezahlukahlukeneyo, ngamandla y yokudala kunokuba bekucingelwa ixesha elide. Ukuyiqonda ngobuchule kusenza sikwazi ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi izinto zentlangano yethu yezopolitiko, iinkolelo zethu, kunye nenkcubeko yethu ezineengcambu ezinzulu kwezo nkulungwane zikude kunye nesizathu sokuba ziqhubeke zinefuthe kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.