Ingqondo inokuqondwa ngokulula njengeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu emntwini, kuba yiyo enoxanduva lokwenza yonke imisebenzi ebalulekileyo efunekayo, hayi ukuya phambili kuphela, kodwa nokubakhona. Ngengqondo yethu asicingi nje kuphela, kodwa sikwalawula amanyathelo esiwathathayo. Into elula njengokuphefumla, ukuhamba, okanye ukuphakamisa izandla Isenokuba sisampulu yokubaluleka kwengqondo yethu, kuba ngaphandle kwayo, akukho nanye esinokuyenza nangayiphi na indlela.
Xa sithetha ngengqondo, sinokucinga ngee-synapses eziqhubekayo ezenziwa leli lungu; kwii-neurons esivumela ukuba sicinge kwaye senze imisebenzi, nokuba ilula okanye inzima.
Nangona kunjalo, kumaxesha amaninzi singathanda ukwazi izinto ezimbalwa malunga nokusebenza kwayo, kwaye malunga nazo zonke ezo zinto zibalulekileyo, ezingaphakathi kwawo, ezivumela lo msebenzi ukuba uqhubeke. Inkqubo ye- Iimbilini ze-cranialUmzekelo, bazalisekisa umsebenzi obalulekileyo we-nerve ngaphakathi kwengqondo, kwaye ziluthotho lwemithambo-luvo evela emazantsi engqondo kwaye iqhubeke iye entanyeni nasesiswini. Kule posi siza kungena kwingqondo kwaye sifumanise imisebenzi eyenziwa yile mithambo ngaphakathi kuyo.
Zithini ezi zibini?
Iimbilini ze-cranial, ezaziwa nangokuthi yimithambo-luvo, ziluthotho lweemithambo ezilishumi elinambini ezishiya ingqondo kwinqanaba lobuchwephesha, kwaye zibekwe zihanjiswe entloko; Singazifumana kwisiseko solukakayi, intamo, isiqu kunye nesifuba.
I-International Anatomical Nomenclature inike i-terminal ye-nerve inkcazo ye-cranial nerve, ngaphandle kokuba i-atrophic ebantwini, kwaye inxulumene kakhulu nenkqubo ye-olfactory
Iimbilini ze-cranial zinemvelaphi ebonakalayo, ebhekisela kwindawo apho i-nerve ishiya khona okanye ingena kwingqondo. Imvelaphi yabo yokwenene yahlukile ngokomsebenzi abazalisekisayo emzimbeni; Iintsinga zemithambo-luvo ye-cranial enomsebenzi weemoto zinendawo yazo yemvelaphi kumaqela eseli afunyenwe kweyona ndawo inzulu yenkqubo yobuchopho, kwaye zine-homologous kwiiseli zophondo lwangaphambili lwentambo yomqolo.
Iintsinga zemithambo-luvo ye-cranial ehambisa imisebenzi yeemvakalelo okanye yeemvakalelo ineeseli zazo ezivela ngaphandle kwenkqubo yengqondo. Ngokwesiqhelo kwi-ganglia ene-homologous kwezo zeengcambu zangaphakathi zomqolo womqolo.
Iimpawu zemithambo-luvo ye-cranial
Zininzi izinto ezinokuthi zabelane ngalo mithambo-luvo emzimbeni womntu. Nangona kunjalo, olona phawu lubangela umdla ababelana ngalo, kwaye olo lubenza babalasele kwaye babodwa, kukuba beza ngqo bevela kwingqondo, begqitha intambo yomqolo. Oko kukuthi, le mithambo-luvo isuka emazantsi engqondo, idlula kwimingxunya ebekwe emazantsi okhakhayi ukufikelela kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo. Into enomdla kukuba, le mithambo-luvo ayisiyi kuphela kwimimandla enjengeentloko, kodwa nayo Ziyaphela zalathiswa kwiindawo ezinjengentamo okanye indawo yesifuba kunye nesisu.
Ngale ndlela sinokuthi imithambo-luvo ye-cranial Inxalenye yenkqubo yemithambo-luvo ehambelana nengqondo kunye nolwakhiwo lomlomo kunye nolomlomo wesibeleko. Zonke ezinye izinto ezinomdla nezisebenzayo zenkqubo eyoyikisayo yoMbindi ziqhutywa ngemithambo-luvo yomqolo.
Ukwahlulahlula imithambo-luvo ye-cranial
Xa sithetha ngee-cranial nerves singathi zahlulwe zangababini, kuba xa ushiya indawo elungileyo yengqondo, kuyakubakho enye i-cranial nerve eyakushiya i-hemisphere elungileyo, ngokulingana.
Sizakuya nini hlela imithambo-luvo yekraniyali kufuneka sibahlule ngokwamaqela ngokweendlela ezimbini ezaziwayo. Ezi zezi: indawo abaqala kuyo kunye nomsebenzi abawuzalisekisayo.
Ngokwendawo yakho
Imithambo-luvo ye-cranial ihlala inenombolo ehambelana nayo yamaRoma, njengoko yindlela eyonyulwe ngayo yi-International Anatomical Nomenclature. La manani asuka ku-1 ukuya ku-12 ahambelanayo, kwimeko nganye, esi sibini kuthethwa ngaso.
Iimbilini ze-cranial ezivela:
- Ngaphezulu kwenkqubo yengqondo baziwa njengebini I kunye nesibini II.
- Ukusuka kumbindi wesibeleko zizibini III kunye IV.
- Ukusuka kwibhulorho yengqondo (okanye iVarolio Bridge) zaziwa njenge-cranial nerves V, VI, VII kunye neVIII.
- Ukusuka kwiMedulla oblongata, babizwa ngababini IX, X, XI kunye XII.
Ngokomsebenzi wayo
- Xa ziyinxalenye yomsebenzi weemvakalelo, yenziwe yimithambo yegazi ye-cranial I, II kunye ne-VIII.
- Ukuba zidityaniswa nokuhamba kweoyile kunye neenkophe: III, IV kunye ne-VI.
- Xa benolonwabo kunye nokusebenza kwezihlunu zamalungu entanyeni nolwimi: i-cranial nerves XI kunye ne-XII.
- Ezo ziqwalaselwa ngomsebenzi oxubeneyo: izibini V, VII, IX kunye no-X.
- Xa zisebenza njengeentsinga zomsebenzi weparasympathetic: III, VII, IX kunye X.
Iindidi zemithambo-luvo ye-cranial kunye nezinto abazenzayo
Iimbilini ze-cranial zinomsebenzi othile kwaye sinokuzifumana zisebenza kwaye zisebenza kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba. Azikhawulelwanga entloko nasentanyeni, kodwa qhubeka nokusebenza nokuba sezantsi. Nalu uluhlu lwee-cranial nerves, ezenzayo, kunye nalapho zibekwe khona.
I-nerfactory nerve:
Yimithambo-luvo yemithambo-luvo, enoxanduva lokuhambisa i inkuthazo olfactory ukusuka empumlweni ukuya kwingqondo. Imvelaphi yayo yokwenyani inikwa ziiseli zeebhalbhu zomnatha. I-cranial nerve I kwaye ithathwa njengeyona mfutshane ye-cranial nerve kuyo yonke.
Imithambo-luvo:
Oku, njengoko unokucinga, yimithambo-luvo ejongene nokuhambisa isikhuthazo esivela kwiliso siye kwingqondo. Yenziwe zii-axon ze iiseli ze-retina ganglion, kwaye uphathe ulwazi kwiifotoreceptor kwingqondo. Ivela kwi-diecephalon kwaye ihambelana ne-cranial nerve II.
Iimbilini ze-Oculomotor
Esi sibini sikhulu sijongene nokuhamba kwamehlo; ikwanoxanduva lobungakanani bomfundi. Ivela kwi-midbrain kwaye ihambelana ne-cranial nerve III.
I-Trochlear nerve
Yimithambo-luvo enemoto kunye nemisebenzi ye-somatic, kwaye idityaniswe nemisipha ephezulu ye-oblique yamehlo, ibangela ukuba ijikeleze okanye iphume kwibhola yamehlo. I-nucleus iqala, njengangaphambili, embindini, y iyahambelana nesibini IV.
Iimbilini ze-Trigeminal
Yeyona mithambo-luvo inkulu phakathi kwemithambo-luvo ye-cranial, kwaye iyimisebenzi emininzi (inzwa, iimoto kunye novakalelo). Umsebenzi wayo kukuzisa ulwazi olubuthathaka ebusweni, ukuqhuba ulwazi olusuka kwimisipha yokuhlengahlengisa, qinisa indlebe, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi. Esi sibini V.
I-Abducens nerve
Le luvo cranial idityaniswe iliso kwaye linoxanduva lokuhambisa inkuthazo kwimisipha yangaphandle yamehlo. Ngale ndlela iliso linokuhamba liye kwelinye icala le apho sinempumlo. Iyahambelana nesibini VI.
Iimbilini zobuso
Esi sibini sithathwa njengesixube. Nguye ophethe thumela izinto ezahlukeneyo ebusweni ukuze, ngale ndlela, ukwazi ukuvelisa kunye nokwenza imbonakalo yobuso. Ikwathumela imiqondiso kwidlala yesikhumba kunye namathe. Iyahambelana nesibini VII.
Ivestibulocochlear luvo
Kwakhona kwaziwa ngokuba yi-cranial nerve ye-auditory kunye ne-vestibular nerve, ngaloo ndlela yenza i-vestibulocochlear. Inoxanduva lokulinganisa kunye nokuqhelaniswa nendawo, kunye nomsebenzi wokuphicotha. I-nerve yayo ye-cranial yi-VIII.
I-glossopharyngeal nerve
Impembelelo yolu luvo ihlala kwi-pharynx nakulwimi. Ifumana ulwazi kwiincasa zokungcamla kunye nolwazi lweemvakalelo oluvela kwipharynx. Kwangaxeshanye iqhuba imiyalelo kwiincindi zamathe kunye nentamo, iququzelela isenzo sokuginya nokuginya. Iyahambelana ne-cranial nerve IX.
Intshukumo yeVagus
Le luvo ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-pneumogastric. Ivela kwi-medulla oblongata kwaye igcina i-pharynx, esophagus, larynx, trachea, bronchi, intliziyo, isisu kunye nesibindi.
Njenge-nerval yangaphakathi, ichaphazela isenzo sokuginya kodwa nakwinto ebhekisa ekuthumeleni nasekuhambiseni imiqondiso kwinkqubo yethu yokuzimela, kwaye inokunceda kwinto ibhekisa kummiselo wokwenza kusebenze kwethu Kwaye nokuba nakho ukulawula amanqanaba oxinzelelo, okanye ukuthumela imiyalezo ngqo kwinkqubo yethu yovelwano, kwaye oku kuthi, kwi-viscera yethu. I-nerve yayo ye-cranial yi-X.
Imithambo-luvo yokufikelela
Yaziwa njengenye ye eyona "inyulu". Yimisipha yomqolo kunye nemoto. Igcina i-sternocleidomastoid, yiyo loo nto ibangela ukuba intamo ijikeleze kwelinye icala, ngelixa ujika intloko iye ecaleni. Le luvo ikwasivumela ukuba siyiphose emva umva, sinokuthi iyabandakanyeka ekuhambeni kwentamo nasemagxeni. I-nerve yayo ye-cranial yi-XI.
Iimbilini ze-Hypoglossal
Yimbilini yemoto, kwaye njenge-vagus kunye ne-glossopharyngeal nerve, iyabandakanyeka kwisenzo sokuginya nakwimisipha yolwimi.