I-Neuroscience, eqondwa njengophononongo lwenkqubo ye-nervous kunye nobudlelwane bayo nokuziphatha, inika isakhelo esinamandla sokuqonda ukuxhatshazwa. Xa olu nyango luchasayo luphindaphinda, aluvelisi nje ukuxinezeleka ngokwasengqondweni: Ikwalungisa iisekethe zobuchopho, iguqule iihomoni zoxinzelelo, kwaye ichaphazele izigqibo ezizayo.Lo mbono unceda ukucacisa ukuba kutheni le nto, ngaphezu kwentlalontle, ingumba ophambili impilo yoluntu.
Ngexesha lokufikisa, ingqondo ifumana uguquko lokwenyani: ukuthenwa kwe-synaptic, ukuhlengahlengiswa kwezinto ezingwevu, kunye notshintsho kwiinkqubo zeemvakalelo nezomvuzo. Kulo mongo, ukuxhatshazwa—kuquka uhlobo lwayo lwedijithali— Isebenza njengoxinzelelo olungapheliyo.. Ubungqina bubonisa ukwahluka kwisakhiwo, ukunxibelelana, kunye ne-neurochemistry ehambelana nokuxhalaba, ukudakumba, ukungxama, kunye nobunzima bokuzilawula.Ngokuqhelekileyo, umfundi omnye kwabathathu usenokuba nolu hlobo lokuziphatha, yaye eUnited States amaxabiso aqikelelwa ukuba aphakathi kwe-15% nama-22 ekhulwini kubafundi abaneminyaka eli-12 ukusa kweli-18 ubudala.
Yintoni enokubonwa kwinqanaba lokuziphatha?
Amaxhoba: ixabiso leemvakalelo kunye nokuqonda
Abo baxhatshazwayo babonisa uluhlu lweempawu ezinokudityaniswa zibe ziingxaki zangaphakathi kunye nezingaphandle. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziquka: ixhala, ukudakumba, ukuba yedwa, ukungazithembi, Iingxaki zokutyaukucinga ngokuzibulala, izikhalazo zengqondo kunye nokuhla kwezemfundo okukhokelela ekusishiyeni isikolo kwiimeko ezinzima. Ngaphezu koko, iiyantlukwano zibonwa ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lobundlobongela: ubundlobongela bomzimba budla ngokudityaniswa nokuziphatha okusebenzayo, ngelixa ukuxhatshazwa kobudlelwane kuhambelana neempawu zangaphakathi.
Ngaphantsi kwe-neurocognitive hood, ezi trajectories zinxibelelana nokunyuka kokusebenza kobuchule kunye nothungelwano lovavanyo, kunye nemfuno enkulu kwiinkqubo zolawulo lokuqonda. I-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, engundoqo kulawulo, inokuba ngumthwalo onzima ukulawula iimvakalelo ezinzulu kunye nezigqibo ezinzima.nto leyo eshiya uphawu ekusebenzeni nasekukwazini ukwenza oko ukuzilawula.
Abahlaseli: iintshukumo, ukuzeyisa, kunye nezigqibo
Abenzi bobubi (abakwishumi elivisayo abahlekisa ngabanyeBasoloko beneengxaki zonxulumano olungokweemvakalelo nolwentlalontle, uhlengahlengiso olungeluhle kwimilinganiselo, kunye nokungakwazi ukuzeyisa. Kuqhelekile ukufumana iimpawu zokungakhathali, ukusebenza kakubi, ukungabikho emsebenzini ngakumbi, kunye nokubakho kokuziphatha okuyingozi.Kwinqanaba lesigqibo, ukhetho lwemivuzo ekhawulezileyo luchongiwe nokuba lubandakanya ilahleko yexesha elizayo, ipateni ehambelanayo nentsilelo ye-frontostriatal echazwe kubantwana bangaphambili: ukonakala ekubaleni indleko-yenzuzo, iimpazamo kulindelo lwesohlwayo, kunye nokuthambekela kwiinzuzo ezikhawulezayo.
Le profayili ayichaphazeli nje kuphela ukuhlalisana kwesikolo: inxulunyaniswa nethuba eliphezulu lokuziphatha kolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye, ngokumangalisayo, kunye nomngcipheko wokucinga ukuzibulala kubahlaseli ngokwabo. I-cocktail ye-impulsivity, uxinzelelo, kunye nokwaneliseka kwangoko kudala umhlaba ochumileyo wezigqibo ezingalunganga.Oku kufuna ukungenelela okusebenzayo ekuzibambeni, uvelwano, nokulungisa umonakalo.
Amangqina: ifuthe elithe cwaka
Yintoni etshintshayo engqondweni
Ukuvezwa okuphindaphindiweyo kubutshaba kunye nokukhutshelwa ecaleni kushiya uphawu lwayo kwimimandla ebalulekileyo kumvakalelo, inkumbulo, kunye nolawulo. Phakathi kweendawo ezichaphazeleka rhoqo zii amygdala (ugrogriso kunye nokusinda), i hippocampus (inkumbulo kunye nomxholo), i icorpus callosum (ukuhlanganiswa kwe-interhemispheric), i i-cortex ye-cingate yangaphambili (ulawulo lwempixano nemisebenzi yokuzimela) kunye ikortex yangaphambili (isicwangciso, isigwebo, kunye nolawulo lwentlalo-mvakalelo).
Uxinzelelo oluzinzileyo lukhokelela kwiziphumo ezisisiseko: Ukunciphisa i-neurogenesis, ukucotha kwe-myelination ngenxa yoxinzelelo, kunye ne-maladaptive apoptosisLe trident inefuthe kwisantya sosasazo lolwazi, indibaniselwano phakathi kothungelwano, kunye nokuguquguquka kokufunda kumava eemvakalelo.
Ipateni engaguqukiyo kuncwadi yingozi eyongezelekayo: okukhona umntu ethatha inxaxheba kuxhatshazo, kokukhona ifuthe lokuziphatha kunye nemithambo-luvo. Ngokomzekelo, kumaxhoba esikolo, oku kuye kwaphawulwa: ukuqina kwecortical kwigyrus yefusiformLo mmandla unxulunyaniswa nokuqondwa kobuso, ukufunda ngeemvakalelo, ulwimi, kunye nethiyori yengqondo. Olu hlengahlengiso lunokunxulunyaniswa nemfuno eyongeziweyo kwinkqubo xa kusetyenzwa ubuso kunye nezikhokelo zentlalo, ekulindeleke ukuba ilindeleke xa umxholo ubonwa njengobutshaba.
Olunye uqwalaselo lwalatha ku-a indawo esezantsi ephakathi kwimimandla emininzi echaphazelekayo ekuqondeni nasekuboneni: i-lobe yesikhashana (ukunikezelwa kweenjongo), i-occipital lobe (umbono oqaphelayo), i-gyrus ephezulu ye-parietal (imemori yokusebenza), kunye nemimandla yangaphambili (ukulungiswa kweemoto kunye nokuhlanganiswa kweengqondo). Utshintsho kwi-centrality lucebisa ukuba ezinye iindawo zilahlekelwa ukubaluleka ngaphakathi kwinethiwekhi, zithintela ukuhamba kolwazi.
Uhlalutyo olukhulu lwaseYurophu olungaphezulu kwamawaka amabini olutsha olulandelwa kwiminyaka eyi-14, 19 kunye ne-22 lubonise ukuba ukuxhaphaza kulungelelanisa iindlela zokuphuhliswa kwengqondo kwaye kukho umahluko ngokwesondo. Kumantombazana, ukubandakanyeka okukhulu kwe-nucleus accumbens ekhohlo kunye ne-amygdala efanelekileyo yabonwa., ngokuhambelana nobundlobongela obunxulumene nobuntununtunu kwimiqondiso yentlalo; kumakhwenkwe, iimpendulo kwi-precentral gyrus zaphuma, ezinxulunyaniswa nolungelelwaniso lweemoto kwaye mhlawumbi zinxulunyaniswa namava obundlobongela obuthe ngqo ngokwasemzimbeni.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ixesha lokufikisa lixesha lovakalelo oluphezulu kwiimvakalelo ezinzulu kunye nezimvo zoontanga. Ngeli xesha, ingqondo iphinda ihlengahlengise uqhagamshelo lwayo, ukubaluleka kweemodeli zokutshintsha, kunye nokuphindaphindwa kwe-limbic kuyanda. Ukuthenwa kwe-Synaptic kwenza inethiwekhi isebenze ngakumbi, kodwa uxinzelelo olungapheliyo lunokugqwesa oko kulungelelaniswa.ukushiya inkqubo ithathele ingqalelo ngakumbi izoyikiso kwaye ingaphantsi kwimivuzo yexesha elide.
Iziphumo ezivela kwi-consortia ezinje nge-IMAGEN zibonisa ukuba malunga nesinye kwisithathu sabantu abancinci baye baxhatshazwa ngokuzingisileyo, benoxinzelelo olukhulu kunye nokwahluka kwezakhiwo ezifana i-putamen kunye ne-caudate nucleusEzi zizinto eziphambili zomkhwa, inkuthazo, kunye nokulawulwa kwentshukumo, enefuthe elinamandla kwixhala. Ngapha koko, utshintsho lufunyenwe kwi-microstructure ye-white matter, ehambelana nokuba sesichengeni sokudakumba xa uxinzelelo luthatha ixesha elide.
Olunye uphononongo luchaze ukungafani kobuchopho kumaxhoba aqhelekileyo kwaye, kutsha nje, Iimpawu zeekhemikhali ezinxulumene ne-psychosis kulutsha oluxhatshazwayoNangona kunjalo, isilumkiso siyacetyiswa: uninzi lwezi ziphumo zinxulumene. Basenokubonisa zombini isiphumo sobundlavini kunye ne-predispositions esele ikhona, amaxesha amade okulandelela kunye noyilo olufunekayo unobangela.
Iihomoni zoxinzelelo kunye neurotransmitters zidlala
Eyona ndlela iyaziwa kakhulu xa kukho ingozi yi-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Xa ivuliwe, yonyusa icortisolelungiselela umzimba ukuphendula. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba iimpendulo ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni ubundlobongela buxhaphake okanye bungapheliyo: ukuxhatshazwa okukodwa kudla ukunyusa amanqanaba e-cortisol; kanti, Ukuvezwa okuphindaphindiweyo kudla ngokunxulunyaniswa namanqanaba asezantsi esiseko kunalawo oontanga abangaxhatshazwayo.Lo mzekelo ucebisa ukuthotywa-i-desensitization okanye ukudinwa okubonakalayo-okuphazamisa amandla okuhlanganisa izixhobo zomzimba xa kufuneka.
Oku kunxitywa kunye nokukrazula kukhatshwa lutshintsho kwiinkqubo ze dopamine (i-cortex yangaphambili kunye ne-striatum), norepinefrina (ukuvusa) kunye serotonin (umoya kunye nokungxama). Xa uxinzelelo oluzinzileyo kunye notshintsho kwiisekethe zomvuzo zidityanisiwe, ubuntununtunu kwimiqondiso yesoyikiso buyanda kunye nokunyamezela ukulibaziseka kokwaneliseka kuncipha, ukuvula umnyango wokuziphatha kakubi.
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, i-physiology yoxinzelelo ichaphazela ngaphezu kwengqondo. Amajoni omzimba anokusebenza ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokuvelisa ukudumba okukumgangatho ophantsi, okunxulunyaniswa nokuphazamiseka kweemvakalelo kunye neengxaki zomzimba ezifana noxinzelelo lwegazi okanye ukutyeba kakhulu. Le midlalo icacisa ukuba kutheni ukuxhatshazwa kuchaphazela impilo yengqondo kunye nomzimba.
Into oyibonayo ngexesha lokwenyani: ukusuka kumfundi ukuya kwiinethiwekhi zentlalo zengqondo
Xa ujongene nokuxhatshazwa, ingqondo yomntu isabela ngokukhawuleza: iisekethe zentlalo kunye neemvakalelo zenziwe zisebenze kunye neenkqubo zokufumanisa isoyikiso. Kubantu abadala, oku kubonakaliswe ngokusebenzisa Ukulandelwa kwamehlo kunye nokuhlanjululwa kwe-pupillary Iimpendulo ezithathela ingqalelo kunye neemvakalelo ziyaqina nezi ntlobo zezivuseleli, kwaye zibonakala ngakumbi kwabo bathe baxhatshazwa buqu. Yonke into ibhekisela kwimeko ye-alamu, ukuba igcinwe, ithatha umonakalo kwimpilo yengqondo kunye nomzimba ngenxa yokusebenza okuqhubekayo kwenkqubo ye-nervous autonomic.
Oku kuhambelana nombono wokuba uxinzelelo olungapheliyo lusebenza ngokugqithiseleyo inkqubo ye-limbic. Xa i-amygdala kunye nemimandla ehambelana nayo ithatha i-helm, i-prefrontal cortex ilahlekelwa yindawo yokuhamba.Isiphumo: ukucinga okukhawulezileyo, ukutyekela ngakumbi kwingozi, kunye nokuncipha kwesakhono sokuvavanya kwakhona iimeko ezisongelayo.
Izigqibo ezikhawulezayo, imivuzo ekhawulezileyo, kunye nomngcipheko
Ibhalansi phakathi kwe-cortex yangaphambili kunye neesekethe zokubethelwa zingaphazanyiswa luxinzelelo kunye nembali yokomelezwa ngokukhawuleza kwimeko yentlalo. Kubahlaseli, le ndibaniselwano iphumela ukukhetha ezakamsinya kuneziphumo ezizayoUkusuka kumbono we-neuroscience, luphawu lwesekethe yomvuzo ephendula ngamandla kwii-reinforcers ezikhawulezayo kunye nenkqubo yolawulo esemva okanye ebuthathaka.
Kwabo bebengamaxhoba angapheliyo, utshintsho kumvuzo kunye namanqanaba e-cortisol nawo anokutshintsha ukhangelo lokwaneliseka. Isidingo sokukhululeka ngokukhawuleza kunokunyusa umngcipheko wokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. okanye ukuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo, ngakumbi ukuba inkxaso kunye nezicwangciso zokulawula iimvakalelo azikho. Yiyo loo nto kubalulekile ukuba ungahlukanisi indlela yokuziphatha kwi-neurobiological: zihamba kunye.
Ukuthintela kunye nokungenelela okusekelwe kwi-neuroeducation
Ubundlavini bukhula kwaye buzinziswe kuthungelwano lobudlelwane, hayi ngabantu ababodwa. Ke ngoko, ukuthwalisa abafundi nootitshala umthwalo ngendima yabamangaleli okanye ukuguqula izikolo zibe ngamaqumrhu asemthethweni akuncedi nganto. Undoqo ulele kuxanduva ekwabelwana ngalo kunye neeprothokholi zangaphakathi ezisebenzayo., kunye namaqela aqeqeshiweyo kunye noluntu lwezemfundo olwabelana ngolwimi, iinjongo kunye nezixhobo.
Iinkqubo ezisekelwe kubungqina ezifana KiVa Bagxininisa kwizinto ezintathu eziphambili: ixhoba, umhlaseli, kunye namangqina, ukuguqula i-passivity yeqela ibe yinkxaso ecacileyo yexhoba. ESpeyin, i Ukufundiswa koontanga (TEI) Idibanisa abafundi abavela kumabanga aphezulu kunye nabasanda kufika kwinqanaba, ukudala ukhuseleko kunye nothungelwano lwereferensi olunciphisa ubuthathaka kwiinyanga zokuqala.
Iindawo eziluncedo ze ingxoxo, ithiyetha kunye nomsebenzi wentsebenziswano apho izibophelelo zenziwa khona kunye nezakhono zentlalo neemvakalelo zisenziwa: uvelwano, ukuzithemba, ukusonjululwa kwengxabano, kunye nokulungiswa. Usapho lusembindini: ukufunda indlela yokuziphatha ngokwentlalontle iqala ekhaya kwaye kuqhubeke esikolweni. Iimeko ezingqongileyo ezinobundlobongela okanye ngaphandle kwemida ecacileyo zandisa amathuba okuphinda zivelise ezi ziphathamandla kunye nokuphuhlisa ukungalingani phakathi kweendawo zangaphambili kunye nemimandla ye-limbic, nokuba kungenxa ye-predisposition okanye ukufunda.
Ukusuka kumbono we-neuroeducational, kuyacetyiswa ukuba udibanise ukuziqhelanisa nokuzilawula, ukufunda imvakalelo, kunye nokucinga okunzulu kwikharityhulam. Isicwangciso kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo zombini intendelezo kunye nesikrini.Kuba i-cyberbullying ikhulisa ukuvezwa, iyamnqanda lowo uhlaselayo kwaye yenza kube nzima ukubaleka ukuxhatshazwa. Imigaqo-nkqubo ecacileyo yokusetyenziswa kwedijithali kunye nezixhobo zokubeka iliso, ezinxibelelene kakuhle kwaye kuvunyelwene ngazo, zinceda ukucima amandla anobungozi kwi-bud.
Ukuqeqesha ootitshala kwiimpawu zokuqala zokulumkisa-ukutshintsha kokuziphatha, i-somatization, ukunciphisa ukusebenza-kunye neempendulo ezisekelwe kubungqina zithintela ukungapheliyo. Indima yengqina ibalulekileUkufundisa abantu indlela yokungenelela ngokukhuselekileyo, ukuxhasa ixhoba, kunye nokwazisa abantu abafanelekileyo ngaphakathi kwendawo kunciphisa ukungohlwaywa ngaphandle kokuguqula nabani na ukuba abe ngumbiko. Kwaye xa ukwenzakala ngokwasengqondweni kubhaqwe, ukuthunyelwa kwangethuba kwinkxaso yeklinikhi kuthintela ezinye iingxaki.
Kwinqanaba lezempilo kunye nentlalontle, imbono yamava angathandekiyo obuntwana iyahambelana: ukuxhatshazwa okuzingisileyo yenye yazo kwaye inxulunyaniswa, kwiminyaka kamva, kunye neengxaki zempilo yengqondo, iziyobisi kunye nezifo ezingapheliyo. Iindaba ezilungileyo yiplastiki yengqondoNgeendawo ezikhuselekileyo, ubudlelwane obukhuselayo, kunye nokuqeqeshwa kwezakhono, ingqondo iphinda iqondise iindlela zayo kwaye i-prognosis iphucula kakhulu.
Yonke into esiyaziyo idibana kwimephu enye: ukuxhatshazwa esikolweni kushiya umkhondo wokuziphatha, izakhiwo zobuchopho kunye nekhemistri yoxinzelelo, kunye ne-nuances ngokwesondo, uhlobo lobundlobongela kunye nobude bexesha. Ukufunyaniswa kwangethuba, inkxaso kumaxhoba, uxanduva lweqela, kunye noqeqesho kwizakhono zeprosocial Yehlisa zombini umonakalo kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kokuphinda ubuyele, kwaye ikwenza oko ngokusebenzisa indlela eqinisekiswa yi-neuroscience: amandla obuchopho okutshintsha xa imo engqongileyo itshintsha ibe ngcono.
