Ingxaki yokungakwazi ukuqaphela xa umntu ekhulile ihlala enye yezinto ezinkulu ezingaziwayo Kwimpilo yengqondo, nangona ichaphazela ubomi bomntu, bomsebenzi, nobeemvakalelo zezigidi zabantu, kangangeminyaka inxulunyaniswa phantse nobuntwana kuphela, ishiya abantu abadala abaninzi behamba phakathi kokuxilongwa kwexhala, uxinzelelo, okanye ukudakumba okungachazi ngokupheleleyo oko bakuvayo.
Uqikelelo oluvela kwimibutho yezenzululwazi kunye nemibutho lubonisa ukuba inani elikhulu labo babene-ADHD besebancinci Bahlala benesifo okanye imiphumo yaso de babe ngabantu abadalaNangona kunjalo, liqaqobana nje kuphela elifumana ukuxilongwa okufanelekileyo kunye nonyango oluhambelana neemfuno zalo, into eqala ukutshintsha ngenxa yolwazi olukhulu, uphando olutsha lobuchopho, kunye nenkxaso yezixhobo zedijithali.
Idatha evela kwizifundo zeklinikhi kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe ibonisa ukuba phakathi kwesinye I-15% kunye ne-25% yabantwana abafunyaniswe benesifo Bayaqhubeka behlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuneko ze-ADHD bade babe ngabantu abadala, kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-60% bayaqhubeka nokubona iimpawu ezingaphelelanga ezichaphazela ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. iingxelo zakutshanje ze-WHO Bathi ukuxhaphaka kwabo kumalunga ne-8,8% yabemi, ngelixa ezinye izifundo zithetha malunga ne-2,5% yabantu abadala abane-ADHD esele iqinisekisiwe.
ESpain, iSpanish Federation of Associations for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder iqikelela ukuba malunga 4%-5% yabantu abadala Oku kunokuthetha ukuba phakathi kwe-1,5 yezigidi ukuya kwi-2 zabantu basenokuba baphila nale ngxaki. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwabo alufumani ngcaciso ichanekileyo: kuqikelelwa ukuba lincinci kakhulu ipesenti eliye lahlolwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye lafumana unyango olukhethekileyo.
Lo msantsa wokuxilonga uchazwa ngokuyinxenye ngumfanekiso oqhelekileyo we-ADHD njengengxaki yabantwana abangaphumliyo kwigumbi lokufundela. Kubantu abadala, le meko idla ngokubonakala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezingabonakali kangako ngaphandle, kodwa iphazamisa kakhulu ekuhleleni ubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukuzinza ngokweemvakalelo, kunye nolwalamano lomntu ngamnye.
Iingcali ze-neuroscientist kunye neengcali zengqondo ziyavuma ukuba asingombandela wamandla okuzimisela, kodwa ngumcimbi imeko ye-neurodevelopmental ngesiseko sebhayoloji, esihamba nomntu ukususela ebuntwaneni kwaye siguqulwa ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Indlela i-ADHD ezibonakalisa ngayo xa umntu emdala: ngaphaya kokusebenza kakhulu
Kwindlela yonyango, abantu abadala abaninzi abane-ADHD bachaza indlela yobomi ephawulwa yi amahla-ndinyuka aqaqambe kakhuluAmaxesha okuvelisa izinto ngokugqithisileyo kunye nobuchule obuninzi alandelwa ngamaxesha okubhala izinto ezingaqhelekanga, apho imisebenzi elula iba yinto engenakunqotshwa. Oko kunokutolikwa ngaphandle njengokungabikho kokuzinza okanye ubuvila kunxulumene nobunzima obunzulu ekulawuleni ingqalelo, inkuthazo kunye neemvakalelo.
Iingcali zikhomba kwiindawo ezintathu eziphambili apho le ngxaki icaca ngakumbi kweli nqanaba lobomi: ukungacwangciswanga kakuhle, ukungabi namdla, kunye nokungazinzi kwangaphakathiEndaweni yokusebenza kakhulu kwemisipha, into ebaluleke kakhulu kukuziva uphazamisekile engqondweni rhoqo, ubunzima bokumisa iingcinga, kunye neengxaki zokugxila kwiinjongo zexesha eliphakathi nelide.
Phakathi kwezinto ezibonakala rhoqo kubantu abadala, ezi ndlela zilandelayo ziyaphindwa: ukulibazisa okungapheliyoIingxaki zokuqala nemisebenzi ebalulekileyo, ubunzima bokubeka izinto eziza kuqala, kunye nemvakalelo engapheliyo yokungazisebenzisi kakuhle izakhono zomntu. Abaninzi bachaza ingqondo yabo njenge "siphithiphithi" apho kunzima ukuhlela izimvo namanyathelo okufuneka athathwe.
Ezi ngxaki zibangelwa Ukunyamezela okuphantsi kokuphazamisekaIingcali zengqondo zichaza ukuba oku akukokungabikho kokugweba, kodwa kukusilela kwindlela yokuziphatha kunye nokulawula ixesha kunye neemvakalelo.
Konke oku kudla ngokuguqulela kwiingxabano zobudlelwane, iindlela zomsebenzi ezingaqhelekanga, iiprojekthi eziqalwa ngomdla zize zingafakwa phakathi, kunye nemvakalelo enamandla yokungaqondwa kakuhle, kokubini ngabo bakungqongileyo nakuwe.
Ixhala, ukuzithemba, kunye nokuxilongwa gwenxa
Enye yezona ngxaki zixhaphakileyo kwi-ADHD kubantu abadala kukuba ukudideka ngenxa yokukhathazeka okanye uxinzelelo olungapheliyoAkuqhelekanga ukuba aba bantu badibane nogqirha okokuqala, bexela ukudinwa, uvalo, ukungalali, okanye ukuziva besoloko besemva kwexesha lokwenza imisebenzi yabo, ngaphandle kokuba nabani na ahlolisise ngokupheleleyo ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho isifo sengqondo esibangelwa kukukhula kwengqondo.
Iingcali zengqondo zilumkisa ukuba, kwiimeko ezininzi, ixhala kunye nokudakumba ezi zigulane zihlangabezana nako isiphumo seminyaka yokungalungelelani kunye nokusebenza ngokugqithisileyo ezama ukuvala iingxaki zakhe. Umntu uqokelela ukulibala, iimpazamo, ukulibaziseka, kunye neengxabano, aze agqibe ekubeni konke oku kubangelwa kukungabi nasakhono okanye ukuziqeqesha, nto leyo ephelisa ukuzihlonipha kwakhe.
Kuqhelekile ukufumana iimvakalelo zokungafaneleki, ukuzigxeka kakhulu, kunye iingxaki kubudlelwane phakathi kwabantuImbali yokusilela kwemihla ngemihla okungachazwanga iyayibumba kancinci kancinci indlela umntu omdala azijonga ngayo kwaye inokuba negalelo ekuphuhlisweni kwezinye iimeko ezifana neengxaki zokuxhalaba, ukudakumba, okanye ukuziphatha okubangela umlutha. Abanye abantu bafuna Uvavanyo lokuqonda ukuzama ukuqonda amandla abo, nangona uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwezonyango luseyeyona ndlela ithembekileyo.
Yiyo loo nto ukuxilongwa ngokwahlukileyo kubaluleke kangaka. Nangona ixhala lidla ngokuba lexeshana kwaye linxulunyaniswa neemeko ezithile, i-ADHD ibonakalisa ikhosi eqhubekayo ukususela kumanqanaba okuqala kwaye kubonakala kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo (emsebenzini, ekhaya, kwizifundo, kubomi bentlalo). Ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo isifo esiphambili kuvumela ukungenelela okujoliswe ngcono kwaye kuthintela unyango olunciphisa inxalenye yengxaki kuphela.
Kwabaninzi abantu, ukufumana ukuxilongwa okucacileyo kwe-ADHD xa sele bekhulile kubonisa ukuba bangabantu abadala. inqaku le-inflectionYonke into ayisatolikwa ngokwemizamo okanye ubuvila, kodwa iqondwa njengemeko ye-neurobiological, edla ngokubonwa njengesiqabu esikhulu kunye nenyathelo lokuqala lokufuna uncedo olufanelekileyo. Ubungqina basesidlangalaleni, njengobo Tom HollandZinceda ekwenzeni la mava abonakale kwaye zinciphise ukugxekwa.
Isishwankathelo sembali kunye nengxoxo malunga nokuxilongwa kwesifo kubantu abadala
Inkcazo yeemeko ezihambelana noko ngoku kuthiwa yi-ADHD ayintsha. Kwangenkulungwane ye-18, ugqirha waseJamani wachaza izigulane ezine-ADHD. ukungakhathali rhoqo, ubunzima bokugqiba imisebenzi, ukungacwangciswa kakuhle, kunye nokungabi namondeEzi zinto zifana kakhulu neendlela ezikhoyo ngoku. ESpain, iimbekiselo kwiincwadi zonyango zenkulungwane yama-20 zaziquka iimpawu zobuntwana ezinxulumene notshintsho kwingqalelo, ukuqonda, okanye ukwenza izigqibo, kwaye ezi zazisoloko zithathwa kunye nobunzima bokufunda njenge... idyslexia.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, igama elithi ADHD liye lasekwa njengenye yezona ngxaki zibalulekileyo kwizifo zengqondo zabantwana nabakwishumi elivisayo, kwaye kuye kwaqatshelwa ukuba ingaqhubeka ide ibe mdalaNangona kunjalo, ukuxilongwa kwesi sifo kusaqhubeka kuyingxoxo. Kwelinye icala, kukho amazwi alumkisa ngomngcipheko wokuxilongwa ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokubeka amagama abantu abanobunzima obuchazwa zezinye izinto zengqondo okanye zentlalo.
Izifundo ezithile zibonise ukuba iziphumo ezilungileyo ezingezizo ezinokubakho zinokukhokelela unyango olungeyomfunekoEzi zinto zinokuba nemiphumo engafunekiyo yengqondo kunye neendleko zoqoqosho ezongezelelweyo kwiintsapho, ukongeza kumngcipheko wokugxekwa. Ke ngoko, iingcali zigxininisa imfuneko yovavanyo olupheleleyo oluquka imbali yezonyango, udliwanondlebe oluneenkcukacha, kwaye, xa kufanelekile, iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo.
Ngokuchasene nembono yokuba "ixilongwa ngokugqithisileyo," oogqirha abaninzi abasebenza nabantu abadala bagxininisa okwahlukileyo koko: ukubakho ukungakwazi ukuxilongwa okubalulekileyoAbantu abachithe amashumi eminyaka besithi iingxaki zabo zibangelwa kukungabi namgudu, ubuvila, okanye "ukucwangcisa okungekho semgangathweni," kwaye bafumana ingcaciso ecacileyo kuphela xa, xa umntu ekhulile, ehlola ukuba kungenzeka ukuba une-ADHD.
Izikhokelo zeklinikhi ziyavumelana, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba umntu angayithathi lula into yokufunyaniswa kwesi sifo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye angavali ithuba kwabo bangenelwa ngokwenene kukuchongwa nokunyangwa kwangethuba.
Oko kuthethwa yisayensi namhlanje: amaza obuchopho acothayo kunye nokuvuka
Ngaphaya kwendawo yeklinikhi, uphando lwe-neuroscience lubonelela ngezikhokelo malunga iindlela zebhayoloji ezibandakanyekayo kwi-ADHD yabantu abadalaUphononongo lwakutshanje lwamazwe ngamazwe olwenziwe ngamaqela aseYurophu nase-Australia luhlalutye umsebenzi wobuchopho wabantu abadala abane-ADHD ngelixa besenza imisebenzi efuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo, bebathelekisa nabantu abangenaso esi sifo.
Abaphandi baqaphele kwiqela le-ADHD ukubakho okukhulu kwamaza obuchopho acothayoEzi ziqendu, ezidla ngokunxulunyaniswa nokulala ubuthongo obunzulu, zenzeke ngexesha apho abathathi-nxaxheba babevukile kwaye bezama ukugxila. Le meko, eyaziwa ngokuba "kukulala kwendawo," inokunceda ukuchaza ukungakwazi ukunikela ingqalelo kunye nokuthambekela ekozeleni okanye ekuzulazuleni kwengqondo okuchazwa zizigulane ezininzi.
Okukhona uxinano lwala maza acothayo lukhulu, kokukhona abathathi-nxaxheba benza iimpazamo ezininzi kwaye amaxesha okusabela kwabo ayatshintshatshintsha. Ngaphezu koko, abantu abane-ADHD baxele iziqendu [zentsingiselo engacacanga] rhoqo. "ingqondo engenanto" okanye ukuzulazula okukhulu, iimeko ezazinxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokungenelela kokulala kwiindawo ezithile zobuchopho ngelixa ezinye zihlala ziphaphile.
Ezi ziphumo ziqinisa ingcamango yokuba i-ADHD ingaqwalaselwa, ubuncinane ngokuyinxenye, njengesifo sengqondo esixhalabisayo. ukuphazamiseka kokulawulwa kwenqanaba lokuvuka kunye nokuphaphamaUkuba kuqinisekisiwe, amaza acothayo anokuba yi-biomarker enokunceda ekuxilongeni nasekuyileni iindlela ezichanekileyo, kubandakanya ukungenelela okujolise ekuphuculeni umgangatho wokulala ebusuku okanye ukuzinzisa iindlela ezilawula imeko yokusebenza emini.
Eminye imigca yophando ide ikhombe kwizicwangciso ezifana Ukuvuselela ukuva ngexesha lokulala ukuqinisa amaza obuchopho aphuma ngexesha lokulala, kwaye, ngokwethiyori, ukunciphisa ukwenzeka kwezi "ziqendu ezincinci" zokulala ezifumaneka kwindawo ethile ngosuku olulandelayo. Nangona ezi zisezizifundo zokuqala, zivula ithuba leendlela ezintsha zokongeza unyango lwangoku.
Unyango kubantu abadala: amayeza, unyango lwengqondo kunye nenkxaso yedijithali
Izikhokelo zeklinikhi zaseYurophu ziyavuma ukuba indlela yokujongana ne-ADHD kubantu abadala kufuneka ibe iimodeli ezininziIhlala idibanisa unyango lwezonyango kunye nokungenelela kwengqondo, ngakumbi unyango lwengqondo-ukuziphatha, ukongeza kumanyathelo okuxhasa ekuhleleni ixesha kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Ngokwembono yezonyango, amayeza avuselelayo kunye namanye amayeza athile anceda ukuphucula ingqwalasela, izakhono zokugxila kunye nokuzilawulaAzisombululi zonke iingxaki zodwa, kodwa zinciphisa ubukhali beempawu kwaye zenze kube lula kumntu ukusebenzisa amaqhinga engqondo nawokuhlela ngempumelelo.
Unyango lwengqondo-lokuziphatha lubonelela ngezixhobo ezisebenzayo ukucwangcisa imihla ngemihlaUkucwangcisa imisebenzi, ukubeka phambili iinjongo, ukulawula ukulibazisa, kunye nokulawula iimvakalelo ngcono zonke ezi ziyinxalenye yenkqubo. Ikwajongana nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wakho kunye nokulawula ukuziva unetyala okuqokelelene emva kweminyaka yobunzima obungaqondwa kakuhle, okukhuthaza ubudlelwane obunokwenene nobenceba kuwe.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izinto ezahlukeneyo ziye zaduma izisombululo zobuchwepheshe Yenzelwe ngokukodwa abantu abadala abane-ADHD, amaqonga e-intanethi kunye nee-apps zeselula zibonelela ngeenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo zokulibazisa, ukungxama, ixhala, okanye ukuphepha, kunye nezifundo ezincinci zemihla ngemihla, imithambo emifutshane, kunye nezixhobo zokwenza kube lula ukuhambelana.
Uvavanyo olulawulwayo kwenye yezi zicelo lubonise ukuncipha okukhulu kwiimpawu zokungakhathali kunye nokusebenza ngokugqithisileyo Emva kweeveki ezininzi zokusetyenziswa, kwabonwa uphuculo kwindlela ezicwangciswe ngayo izinto kunye nendlela ezivakalelwa ngayo ngomgangatho wobomi. Iziphumo zazibonakala zixhomekeke kakhulu kwinqanaba lokubandakanyeka komsebenzisi: okukhona beziqhelisela ngakumbi izivivinyo, kokukhona uphuculo lurekhodwa ngakumbi.
Itekhnoloji, ukufikeleleka kunye nemida yezixhobo ezintsha
Umdla kunyango lwedijithali uqondwa ngcono xa imeko uluhlu lokulinda kunye nokungabikho kwezixhobo ezizodwa kwiinkqubo ezininzi zonyango zaseYurophu. Kwabanye abantu, ukuya kunyango rhoqo okanye ukuvavanywa rhoqo akunakwenzeka rhoqo, nokuba kungenxa yezizathu zemali okanye ukungabikho kweengcali eziqeqeshwe ngokukodwa kwi-ADHD yabantu abadala.
Iinkqubo zeselfowuni kunye neenkqubo zoqeqesho lokuqonda ziyavela nazo inkxaso eyongezelelweyoAkufanele zisetyenziswe endaweni yonyango lwezonyango ngokuthe ngqo. Zinokunceda ukugcina imisebenzi yesiqhelo, ukulandelela inkqubela phambili, ukunciphisa ukulibala ngezikhumbuzo, ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka kwizixhobo zedijithali, okanye ukubonelela ngenkxaso ngamaxesha athile okuba sesichengeni ngokweemvakalelo.
Uphando olufumanekayo lubonisa ukuba, xa zenziwe kakuhle, ezi zixhobo zedijithali zinegalelo ukunciphisa iingxaki zemihla ngemihla Ukwakha imikhwa ezinzileyo kuya kuba yinto ebalulekileyo ngakumbi. Ukususela kuluhlu lwezinto ekufuneka zenziwe kunye neendlela zokulandelela imikhwa ukuya kubancedisi abasebenzisa i-AI abanika ulwazi oluthembekileyo kunye namaqhinga okumelana neengxaki, iindlela ziyakhula rhoqo.
Nangona kunjalo, iingcali zigxininisa kwimfuneko yokuqinisekisa ukuba la maqonga aquka iindlela zokhuselekoingakumbi ngokunxulumene nomngcipheko weengcinga zokuzibulala okanye iingxaki ezinkulu zeemvakalelo. Kwezinye izifundo, inani elikhulu labasebenzisi libike iingcinga zokuzilimaza, nto leyo egxininisa ukubaluleka kokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abakwingxaki banokufikelela ngokukhawuleza kwizibonelelo zenkxaso yobungcali.
Nokuba kunjalo, izisombululo zedijithali azitshintshi inyani ebalulekileyo: indima ephambili yeengcali zempilo Ayinakutshintshwa, kokubini ekuxilongweni nasekukhetheni unyango nasekulandeleni ixesha elide.
Imeko yangoku malunga ne-ADHD kubantu abadala iveza umfanekiso onzima eSpain nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu: isifo esiqhelekileyo esisekelwe kwi-neurobiological kunye nekhosi eqhubekayo, esingafumani ngqwalasela ingako kodwa kukho iindlela ezininzi zonyango. Ngokudityaniswa okufanelekileyo kovavanyo oluqatha, unyango lwezonyango kunye nonyango lwengqondo, uhlengahlengiso lokusingqongileyo, kunye nenkxaso yedijithali esetyenziswa kakuhle, abantu abaninzi bayakwazi ukulawula i-ADHD yabo. ukunciphisa isiphithiphithi semihla ngemihla, ukuphucula uzinzo lweemvakalelo, nokusebenzisa ngcono izakhono zabo, beshiya iminyaka yokudideka kunye neengcaciso ezingaphelelanga malunga nokuba kwenzeka ntoni kubo.
